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is a significant concern for physicians. Central
6 o8 k$ c- U& V/ G% U" B" bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated9 v$ l* y/ H2 t$ ]: H
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
/ N. Y; W" _& P+ M4 e  Ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, z$ R9 A$ D- |& `- llesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested1 y2 j5 |5 o9 T1 a+ l% G9 `# o
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 x; Q: |4 h& L/ G# Hhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ P+ \3 ^3 B" J1 Z. [" E7 g
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 m. h! w$ h8 a+ X9 |
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the) ]) d1 O: e, ^( \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
* ^# ?3 x1 ^5 H* \- Gment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 c( ^/ X9 J5 a+ `4 d. _+ U( s( Sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( L% b3 s1 F' e: X
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ q) M& V6 d' ^0 Q0 H9 S% Smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ v4 N; E) `# A) m6 a; w/ N
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of3 [5 I4 M( z3 R! _/ S# P, b
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
9 h6 }: J! n: s/ k  x/ \bly more common than the rare case report in the4 J7 _# F- w+ z% q9 @
literature.4( ?3 v5 p$ N. |2 e
Patient Report
6 j, y* }4 F. }2 Q3 f3 m7 I) t% t! @A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
" l) L# M% [) ]% O8 _# {endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* t9 B0 A# U. m3 Zof early sexual development. His mother noticed
" K3 |, r2 H5 T$ U) }light colored pubic hair development when he was! o* ]- F. h3 P* u
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ K# w/ A+ H& a; |6 B
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.: @! O9 a! D5 ~  u: B4 g
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 i% x% D. G" N. s7 L% [
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
8 |  @) E4 o% h7 a0 v3 vMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ V4 J1 p9 k4 p/ F: S! ^
e-mail: [email protected].
7 N( g6 m3 v" [about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became8 C! q5 V' H' D7 p$ i# Z* T+ j
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: A: `! H- E& _4 }& L8 Tment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
+ S: l! j" V0 b& @was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with5 ~* G# ?$ k, J2 I. i7 W
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; ], c; n' |: c$ _5 g/ |, ~# }
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year# O$ N* K( S0 q, y7 I: y+ |/ [- K
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with! S5 I% D( y7 a# C3 l  f
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* _0 m, t0 e) I  s( V& `and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* ~# I  f# s( p& Awas age appropriate.1 p, }1 F: I' Y! a. Z
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 v. h6 k5 S8 y9 H! M  t- g/ a
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
/ f/ Q. r% Z' B( s& U4 R# T" lwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s. N+ Q8 G* T- i: S
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat: d! A9 q2 K; F. f4 N
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& [2 e; \, g$ n8 ?; \, e5 i$ nThe father denied taking any other medication. The& y# |3 O+ n( A7 ^
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 @! _+ C; P6 G. ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
3 ]3 B0 f, c' Y' [3 x5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ E' T) m) H8 @$ B" f
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-1 l- c! ^: O) D- a
tives. There were no siblings.
. L" ^  W% r- [6 ]  G6 s0 `3 r) ZPhysical Examination+ @4 {: G" j8 X" G' L( A, O
The physical examination revealed a very active,
4 @; t) R; j7 G/ A  q" j1 C" ]& ?playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented2 ?% ^5 j+ U& K2 b; ^* P
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! x+ e' q" b. g9 O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( U* j+ g9 Q: _) x. @
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 _3 @$ t4 A* Q' L4 z% E+ ?. h& d* jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. V5 V1 }" ]) `5 J) k$ T' u) I# S9 S: qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! ]/ U' }) c; o0 E9 iThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, l; l% l$ D0 T0 B( W* Lenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 ^# i' B9 X& E4 M8 [
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well1 J5 r; U- V" ?/ ?( |4 J  J
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around% E0 A2 y* G# o1 ~! ?; }( h
540
/ z* C" E" [9 g9 t2 v& X; J8 Zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) P, ]! B: B3 W. @
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' h0 P3 x7 k# [3 b
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.# P9 X' \, M1 l, e# E; t
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" N% T9 p* ^& ^6 k$ P
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
- A# X5 P% K6 h+ D4 F/ }0 Aabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! N2 ~1 C# J- V7 G4 p0 l9 S7 p: b% qNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; r3 Y% G1 [  I) e! |
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ u# g' v2 u6 p1 d4 }- G6 I  K
of papilledema.
! n- c" }3 b* Y4 YLaboratory Evaluation
! \# ], [# i" d: A. NThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" v: h9 u! c) k' }5 h, L/ susing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-9 O  Q& D2 |0 N- k  i# N6 \
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
% T% I2 J; P. Lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& D+ R3 z) u" h" J( bshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
, Z3 f( A5 A: B  H0 t( Z, M) Clating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
" t) o4 h, S5 u9 A' G- bThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood9 J% q0 |/ g' X0 O( E1 O
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 G, U: v" I; u: h' S+ P- Iwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
( n2 r; y1 M' G! p' p/ K4 v- H7 E/ _* Mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL, V* v* c) S- ]' @
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' y4 L. H6 E9 _  l7 K
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
6 K0 w; r7 T( K* ^2 P! Cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) ^1 r: w5 l1 X* Q( Ddesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
  [% H" R5 o, [5 G0 D6 ]49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# a6 E( D- p( k  V' g/ O4 e
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
& |$ Y& i$ l- v7 `: h' e# Mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
/ ~* E  E' e6 T. ^. p8 N% w* q1 Mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: D/ m9 F9 E* {5 p* u' `and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 u! y: W+ k! U7 B/ N9 W: a5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ l* a  p/ d# d* P5 l- pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone4 S$ l6 y8 K7 W5 K
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ Q! @1 F9 G& {(prepubertal).
+ V8 O) b' {! H( c" p- `The parents were notified about the laboratory
' E! v8 m* u/ t* s/ wresults and were informed that all of the tests were
1 C+ j% `; ~( d+ Z0 g3 u; z) jnormal except the testosterone level was high. The3 K1 v6 B1 V5 b! f0 M
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to. o* q- O+ V0 P( g& x7 X' o$ I
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! X! @2 A" Y$ s1 F6 iever, the family did not return for 4 months.( n4 g) [9 K. A3 P! v+ F! e3 c
Physical examination at this time revealed that the: S  U) L. _# l* ^0 l% |8 h) }! F6 b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained' \" A( x/ {/ Q3 n4 d
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained' I  D4 s# S2 L  U
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 y- c6 L5 Q* R0 V4 T+ J0 @5 ~pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at, [0 U$ B6 F  D. U* J6 L
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 S& |8 v+ G2 c: P! Z+ @mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 Y2 m  ^5 b0 v! uThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) [' v) m# ]/ C; s' _& H. r
ing frequent erections.* x8 O; e. _6 ]$ o  J
Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 Y% C0 A7 s0 _4 q6 pany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
1 Q- x: r2 x7 r4 \the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" H* ?- a- |2 a; d/ fTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
; E4 J. M5 u; Y5 X5 u. K( z2 `  uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 t- A9 Q, J: @2 P, r( Ning over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 H7 W  R6 P' p2 S3 T: G
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed( O, z5 N. f; r7 I* a, c0 k
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ Z2 H6 B0 M; M9 G
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
) Z( @2 B  s2 q$ m0 J  p  Csecondary to depression.
1 P) Q, a! r& q2 ^2 rThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
( t- c- m2 h' Q$ M6 i7 y; J  bThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 L( i1 I' m3 R' p
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) h1 J9 u0 B* Q* s0 D% D' Xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 M: w5 _% S  R1 O% R% J' X' F: E
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
% h. c& S  W! f- D) x( }  rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; b; i: p% Z" f# w. z
was high, he then read the product information
+ j5 {8 p; N/ _% D/ Ppacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' C9 x& A" t1 ~& zson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ W9 l' n1 x) @2 V
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 S# J! g( |0 X" zfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
, [. h7 w$ ^3 d. @1 qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone) @  U' A9 ~+ s3 V
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* V; @# c0 l- Q; Zlaboratory to obtain the test.2 Y8 C; p0 U, i( ^, W
Discussion/ F+ {% w# _" n/ [0 m1 x+ C+ D9 X
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- |2 ?# \9 V* v) Y6 p% ]1 A$ A- fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, \# t( S1 y4 |: wPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when, q9 ]' O  i. E$ `0 N9 @4 F& u
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 W- Q" B* n; h( V9 j
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-/ n/ e; T3 p1 f7 |. H# t- c& {. `
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 {' B# m1 j5 ^* F! l  Mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
& D1 ]6 v% c" b, k! X3 Q) h3 ~& \" @responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-# H( B5 ?& }4 K
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
* ?; T( P* |6 n# }. n5 M7 ?9 \sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
0 [" h) E$ b" \! P& d9 y0 b& Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ X2 n% P; Q* ?
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( [  \( d( W% U4 z; arical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
$ T3 G4 Q. V# O4 ^) y! Vgonadotropins.1,3
2 U7 o* p' a# gGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: \/ k) m) x4 x3 Rcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate1 }7 L8 O2 ^4 w8 d$ V* ^) V
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 R) R9 m# B- C, F* R
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: K6 e3 U$ V; @( [6 U* B/ s* r
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing$ `: {8 g0 D% z, \9 T; O6 w
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 a* T  q) [6 q  d& Y3 @adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; n' ?7 H  q8 z+ X0 m, p$ R2 epuberty in boys.3,4
! q  \( _/ @2 t# WThe most common form of congenital adrenal
6 T8 }% Q+ u4 m7 E" n: z+ {hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 l7 R2 Z, G; n+ P9 ]
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 Y. j+ z* w  b, R
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
  K: d) Q5 D4 L6 T; w/ S: Lan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' C! X, x$ q5 i2 [excess.1,3/ w' i( A4 a7 q( g
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# B3 k$ b& W/ ]1 l' t1 R4 C6 Y, K; [
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
% `: n8 l6 i! GA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 y- j% W- F# |# z- G
independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ J" p5 |0 N8 b  D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 F6 v, K1 H5 J2 a3 F( c4 |very young age. The physical findings in these boys( N$ L% c* L- s5 L6 o6 N2 F
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 d- h& L0 P4 zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" z0 G+ v$ @# q: ~6 `( b. q, \
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder1 _' c, U# Z" h0 U- [) p7 {* A' {( ]
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show& ]& Z& p# U7 `- |
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; X. D; U% Z7 S% }8 V7 J% c8 U, \
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked$ ^; Q& u1 I3 V: ^) N3 J  |3 h, u
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 V5 e6 j" _, W. d
males; therefore, other male members of the family) X- [- S: F! H4 G( u
may have similar precocious puberty.3
) C9 B5 R1 @0 f6 @& c& r4 E( ]" y% f; p- VIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
! `0 G" j  n* N  y2 ?9 usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ D# U2 J9 c+ k8 m: i. d/ B5 }cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ u( w, e# y, {  r; ywas in the differential diagnosis because his father( y. ~7 C: d' ?, k$ C, d- U' p
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, g& J, F  q) L% b" p
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 X0 |5 k/ R1 E1 o7 |! [1 hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# f' U) i" |9 G0 i% q5 x& Iative initial history of androgen exposure, our# _. H& y! U( h
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
+ b8 q$ `6 Q$ n9 P0 \6 W. ?: peither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase7 S: p7 H) S2 r
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-1 i+ D% N4 f1 R# S8 z
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.% Y8 P9 P, A, D7 V
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* k0 K  ?7 k% f7 psuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
! ^) L. C3 D! `0 |the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 H, _' ]  `8 H. c. H" Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# V& e# u0 L, }1 U3 C0 e7 C
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ [2 b! L# r  t' iterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% x, V9 y2 c0 \, G- }! x, v" c7 f
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 D7 y" x/ B! ?Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
7 k: |. Y3 O6 m( F: c: Z9 scream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
7 D) ^6 b# w1 ]unprotected females through direct skin exposure.+ @' d7 V% S4 K/ ?- Q' Q6 g% f
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 F$ r! E" B# C. F8 ^3 V& obaseline value in those females who were exposed to9 f- O9 _0 c1 u* F" K
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male6 |& v5 S- c; b& h2 r* U4 }4 |
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 E2 A* w: f7 o* h" G# _" @
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 J: F% z9 o8 f4 j/ D* E5 J, hOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 Q4 Q+ S4 v. |* q
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* ~- v+ ^5 N6 n6 l7 pdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% S7 B. L4 |) j" [6 M( q, V/ j; N: Wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 k5 M( C/ K% j* V1 T) N
active in young children exposed to testosterone; f4 }9 }% `0 q  I7 V' l
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-0 r9 z- M- V. U. Y1 O$ Y
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 b/ c6 T, B( {" |0 |
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in3 [! {6 e- V; f9 @/ Q) C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
6 R8 H  B* ^% xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.2 i8 w1 N" ]7 Q7 `+ i- i! ]3 v
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
: r8 A% Y# n/ w; j+ @; x+ Jearly childhood on pubertal development and final+ }4 X5 z' X3 v& n* F8 U/ e' p
adult height are not fully known and always remain
. }3 W' F: Y) c  k6 e7 I" i# B' ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: T* H# s  L( sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 f  I6 i7 k  N% B8 V0 Qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 g( C$ h8 |# Z. X% mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. Q, Z$ U$ `% p) X1 `8 ?0 ]4 K
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 z* y/ j; U& x4 tThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 q$ C/ c2 P: n7 ^0 b5 ~9 M0 Nover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
' Y& T7 q, L. f  N  lpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
/ M4 Z3 I' @" z2 E1 i  S+ Q+ Radult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ M) [6 P9 P; j1 W4 Julation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 ]& W$ v, m% z+ ISutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 p1 e. _% {5 k6 c$ o, F# {childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 j$ C' s; Y# _4 C: g
penile length in clinical studies.
, |: j- m( `9 \7 v* E' d7 ]Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 J; W. |" r8 Ugoing to experience any of the untoward effects from4 |' }  n0 I: x9 Y5 h
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because9 F8 h! g7 H, w
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
& H# O1 Z# e. bAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of' q* F1 R0 X2 K" @% l' Q" {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: N2 W& z( W# e1 ?the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, Z# m- p2 H* ~/ M
height will not be affected.+ P* [& m/ b+ E6 T8 g! C+ r; E
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ O- e) R8 e3 Uability of androgen products in our society may
: L: B! j0 a- P( ]2 yindeed cause more virilization in male or female
" G1 O* s' k7 R6 P1 X9 T/ Dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
/ a+ S8 v% Q) v+ E# p+ q/ W1 ?gen products must be considered and specific ques-! v9 @) ?2 T* s# z. G  N2 R
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 |0 ~4 v3 c2 W' U& i8 [9 Ngel should be asked of the family members during
4 o9 V+ ?5 x) g& u& ?+ a( uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-6 N" ?- s2 @9 Y
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
8 S& \; u# J( v9 s+ n8 m+ knosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; w$ b; z6 c' O6 h0 |2 |appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
: c+ _0 k0 K; }4 Xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
0 [0 B# l# F* v4 a- \- fresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive& e) m7 e2 ^7 m. e$ `' j
investigation. The primary care physician should be
* ^& W2 a5 t* kaware of this fact, because most of these children9 o, ?& x( {8 b( q8 M
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’6 e' u6 U- {9 a' Y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
% a4 m) ?  {2 G! J$ qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' |7 p% q  p7 ]9 Dfemale child who might come in contact with some-
& f$ f3 N% x' n1 U, M4 |( J1 Hone using any of these products.
  L* c5 l% ]7 H) A3 W; jReferences" A$ z2 N, F! |# M) u
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
8 p7 |8 s  A7 X; ]* s; B2 w4 T( Hand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" H* P( Z* D: {0 d! G3 {Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
/ ^, T$ M( \, N9 K% x8 c2002: 565-628.% g/ u6 q+ ^( k3 X
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( O1 N9 ^, ]8 d7 H$ G8 D* E
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
' \, t% K1 M" O3 b) Z- B1 P8 ^! Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 E* b1 w9 m" ~Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543
- X7 h  x: Q* c( N: b+ V) zareas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.
  A* q5 M9 c" S2001;90:751-756.
( B; x) |0 l1 w0 H+ u4 P- a* W3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.
) n" W+ _2 d/ B7 D6 K7 ]Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel# N  p- x2 R/ C5 V7 o
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
  \- A: o1 i3 `# s( E% V
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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