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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old i2 s6 @$ q. V; @# A+ |2 \
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical; J! @- c: \; d3 D. j! d8 Z
Exposure to Testosterone+ Z: Z+ `+ w, e% b3 b
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 e/ j% D2 d [; @6 |3 tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
) Q) s! I. \( N1 MClinical Pediatrics( L5 s% o E& y, S1 H) U; P
Volume 46 Number 6+ H) N8 e E6 H2 J/ x
July 2007 540-543
, k- K! b) t9 h a5 I; Z© 2007 Sage Publications3 ]5 E" ~5 s; c" ^- a, z' m
10.1177/0009922806296651- A1 u) u8 p' ^: J0 ]% A
http://clp.sagepub.com3 o* L! ^3 @, b% M* S: p& V
hosted at
4 ]4 W3 S' C6 v/ f0 B; |. _: }http://online.sagepub.com
( G5 D6 O* `: D% CPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* P# Z2 b; r3 |4 c7 L& y, E& g+ k l
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, W( t* c; d6 \/ _, p* X5 e9 P+ R7 kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 u2 M. M: ^6 |
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 c2 T' V8 G: M% O, F" U5 w
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& _& J' P9 c; G/ N$ Glesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 s& Z5 H2 a7 F- x0 c* \) I
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 M8 B6 m4 i2 Ahair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' ?: ~/ g0 K( _/ r9 n& Ucles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 E0 P0 W- A3 p; b, treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ [( g% X( Y! G: C8 t
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, m7 [) |- @* F% M" fment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- P7 u& n# g9 A8 C; sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
. ?# v7 C4 c3 Y: Mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 L/ p- J" N3 O* V0 Lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
1 Q# J+ N; ~/ B- [child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
3 Z0 P9 X1 e( z) F. |. ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, h' S# {/ D. n* _! q4 A( qbly more common than the rare case report in the
7 W% t) ]5 a( qliterature.45 g. R% Q- c ]. {* R) I
Patient Report; t5 D( Y7 \# C) F* k1 \! C
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
6 z' i6 n! \; ~endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern; e9 A7 C+ h' X* M/ u& _& k
of early sexual development. His mother noticed. P) N4 z7 B4 d: h! ~/ ] U- g
light colored pubic hair development when he was
, R3 x4 `& K+ `8 x1 g& ?9 a; [% mFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# _% I1 v. h0 l! }4 Q9 Y
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- `( E) |1 H6 P" n2 j6 ^* J k. P& xAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
| z. L: a+ e, BProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of, q: u6 g9 j2 Q3 |& x
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 C z3 `9 f* p& W
e-mail: [email protected]./ m4 D* H# | g: u% q4 f# Q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became+ f+ o) I2 J0 g: ]) \
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
- k) T$ I7 O' A0 y9 ~8 iment of his penis and frequent erections. The child/ G h$ H3 E' ]/ C& E* K) ], _
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" V% [4 p- R: C1 H) B
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of( D& {# ?# t7 F! D$ h+ z& W
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 f- ^% H, O4 pof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
$ q% B N- V1 Hsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,& K, n5 _9 N% K' q9 O
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; v8 B& b' _ ]9 J: E5 U2 |was age appropriate.. v w L$ v: A* i* V9 x0 B
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ E0 P S/ N1 G0 F0 i) wwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& {" V a, r: R* E
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 k5 V! {8 t( t% f
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat; Z9 ~8 X, ~6 F/ t+ X" |2 B
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 i- f% ^' B l+ [7 S1 _The father denied taking any other medication. The4 I" N8 B0 r0 C. k8 J' M; D2 l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche* }/ W8 j. h5 Q- `) o
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 s0 y' f, A6 A. n7 X8 c$ ?5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-+ I c4 B) ]* l& Q0 B
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-; `8 H2 d) K- ^+ |9 V
tives. There were no siblings.
9 m, c! [/ P5 Y$ ePhysical Examination
' K ~. a- u0 p# W! \' `+ bThe physical examination revealed a very active,$ I8 G+ Z9 m% E, q$ u; X
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, w3 R. N% F, X) w% U, Z" Da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 Q5 @4 y) T! Y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# Z; S8 K7 X. x/ k1 y. g(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 J" H% v0 U0 \( r( V
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 O8 u1 {. j' z$ J* s0 `the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 m! g0 o ?, d) S7 j1 [& wThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for3 S: I, |2 E+ @; }
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
) ^* H, Y" ^: Y& [# i8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# H4 O+ {" v9 o' X9 u7 g# _developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ Q. @) w3 P: g' V3 d0 J% H
540
/ Y! \! e$ j% s* mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) d% M/ V* d4 H$ d
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
_/ I# [( i; W' N! }9 m' Atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
" ]3 T3 P K& k; L6 PThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat" ~7 O m" ^9 F7 P5 _
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& u* j" j3 ~9 Labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( g- ]% ^2 u1 H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
& ~; u9 u: m+ i0 a- h0 Mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion a% N/ A \! p& [, `
of papilledema., M- X; C d! y: l- I$ A7 c
Laboratory Evaluation
! a# `. f% |2 t' ^" MThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; h& E8 M& ], e. B* @% {1 l: Jusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 C. \" w2 }) k9 J; ~' N
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
. H4 c8 L( f2 E& Ikaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
1 Q& H) i* w% o1 p: f) H! |" yshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- k) f2 Z/ S& F+ T! Q0 |
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
: O! I& n" n9 r2 e- \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood8 z" k$ C7 i5 `: e( V1 l+ z. v
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: E! k N1 v& V1 N
within normal range for his age. The concentration
& Q a4 ^2 h8 m. mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) H! S3 f' N7 h! I3 M(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 `/ }9 i5 a* E+ j$ D& {' w0 y
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, e# u r& G! x9 ?, O* t+ ]terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),6 E( n6 I5 N$ H9 ^! G) m' k0 ]
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' g/ q8 C8 q# l
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
/ U! N* q0 `) i6 t2 p' Wwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-0 {' x% X* @, `: P! V# x$ t9 N! h
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ L7 y% i- p6 v, t- \
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: N' H3 W& r& D: V; y1 k0 O0 ?5 W3 p
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 p2 b! K" x: Z7 L5 v. W
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular% p% H6 l! h* b* z3 z! d- v: C9 f0 o" c
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- ?; m# `! W* S; _, ^# Y c0 R
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 h& j" D" ?0 _" \0 Y# ~
(prepubertal).
! T! a1 N% K$ ^2 w5 FThe parents were notified about the laboratory3 [8 `2 c# y, v6 u3 X d$ k
results and were informed that all of the tests were8 `( q2 o# @8 d, M8 h2 M: U7 ^
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
" r _4 V1 w7 R2 {7 }follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( L- q; K y* d, }! p+ {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! Z+ Q+ x* Q# W* h2 ?ever, the family did not return for 4 months.) A# D B$ ^2 a
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
) h* @- {" b( p2 M$ E% jchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained( Y6 e% e4 I5 e6 b$ q. o
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained& h% f1 S5 v1 c# t
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 E# R: ~# M% g( J# p5 l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; h7 B8 j3 |6 t7 x# a% Mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& C* V$ P2 E9 H6 U7 GmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
6 Q2 K' E( A% u/ q; N6 }+ w( Z( k/ nThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
* L4 L. `. B8 X5 qing frequent erections.9 V g& b, {4 e0 I, u ^
Both parents were again questioned about use of; ?6 T' v6 ^+ N9 p$ v9 A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to6 |$ B' U0 y& ]3 C( M- c3 D* R0 i
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
5 Y0 n+ X0 Z% Y. L. I" OTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, a4 F7 {0 {0 C q- ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
4 s: v+ e* B4 |) n0 S, Oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for N5 r8 h. q; \
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed1 U1 c, F! T% a; a$ A3 w
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
2 L2 \; S1 f0 Wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido/ c( ?5 {; ^% O% [
secondary to depression.
$ E, m: A. b& l- |) V. oThe child slept in the same bed with parents.! N% h- t8 F- I, v! K
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his5 P- F3 c6 m F: `
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: A* Y, S M( y9 P# A
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: h$ r4 R! N1 X. K. jThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
7 l v4 W, M; d8 v, T% Wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 u7 ^8 p5 j% O& \4 rwas high, he then read the product information, h; V+ O" A8 J% l2 {7 t. `
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-4 {3 ]. r. V3 ], Y
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 S0 g! @9 U$ M/ s) Q, R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
_" K2 Q$ U- i& z* S8 H4 g( mfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( I" v H* B# F$ {/ Q4 lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone U- ]: x) s! K3 O7 ?9 F
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 A% g9 n5 E2 I# e; f
laboratory to obtain the test.1 `/ R6 T9 a; _+ ?/ r+ l
Discussion
) B% s' J7 T$ u6 U$ z( LPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ e2 b& W* Z1 x% X$ Z
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; Z1 e. _0 h' jPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when1 W; N; K2 Q. V, z1 Y4 i( M
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ \3 n6 M/ c5 C; E( A5 |thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
* J6 [# |# l/ P$ C4 | j. F' Smon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) n( Y( J! `$ I4 _- S7 a! w- B8 S! o0 m
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
. W- s8 ~/ N/ S4 E* O5 v8 x. o, Jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 l) t- ?2 n+ c! g% damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 r9 w( R' m O& t' U" T7 \
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( Q: X" ]+ @! m/ ]6 }boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-8 J B1 |( w! u* g8 `% R0 T
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) ]; i5 P I6 l+ E1 O
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by; u& E& F: C' @. e* ?
gonadotropins.1,3
# S0 ]6 }( ~) P$ y+ M, O! _: kGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-$ g7 Q5 `* e/ i8 e, G- v: p
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ l2 F0 C4 s7 q: z7 b& I) Y
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
# p& q: S; d. }* l+ Z, Uexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
1 }5 R; [9 E% A0 v$ lulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( \& B; o; y; _congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive. k; e* u0 R9 E1 c4 L
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 V/ d! a% P# g+ ]puberty in boys.3,4$ M( Y) L2 @/ _0 p2 F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
- p7 {1 D, I# |5 t/ v7 z- l8 u9 J% Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# D' q5 i! X& V
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% H, C2 w; T/ l( B0 {0 c5 ?6 }& @
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,, U) ], B1 U2 J! F$ }7 \
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 L+ {; P! Y4 x; z" E8 Rexcess.1,3
$ B4 ^$ n+ w+ [3 aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! ^+ G- c/ q7 T: e! i, H542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& I6 }" E$ L0 W/ _/ VA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) }6 H/ P! F& `independent precocious puberty, which is also known
% j: m# b [" w% V* Pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
$ c7 J- Q8 X- ? r1 Hvery young age. The physical findings in these boys: E M" W" J+ X# N2 p
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 y x+ u( U' E5 p/ Aincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
9 ~" i+ A }. y) s+ S! ^, Kwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder6 l6 ~2 \& f" [6 ^! z8 G
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 G3 M6 t3 L9 D# }' G
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-0 k# U; `1 C/ n3 n+ C. N. ~
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: r; s e4 B' W5 g$ pautosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 ^1 C @, O, s# e9 \
males; therefore, other male members of the family: [9 K& I+ i0 [4 q( s
may have similar precocious puberty.3: A- J2 S2 c8 ?6 l/ r5 }7 f& N
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
5 Y6 s2 ?' }. S7 u8 L5 ~( ~( m4 Usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ m0 q; B* H: d/ P; Pcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
8 R! M' G6 B* l4 Pwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 `6 N$ |7 l* P- Y' `- Rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
}- d. V) e! |+ z- ? o2 {+ F4 @1 jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
' r% |/ j( L k6 L. Nbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 P) u! \4 b0 q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ L4 _ i0 b2 f7 C% c' g3 W* u
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,% X; }" l3 N% S% k$ P' J8 ^
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase2 F1 m) H; Q* K% A* \) L
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 c/ n( x% N6 E0 T# b
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.# a. J5 i- h: ^9 o G; _! g7 i1 u
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
. Y5 b g; v" a. h: Ususpected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 i; A- D% }% H1 ?+ }3 I, ithe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* C) e; [, r( fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and6 p, V+ ~! f" P$ n3 z7 U; z5 m
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-$ A9 W4 ?% n7 ?$ D3 @6 H0 O4 ?
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 Q. \2 Q3 p% s( G
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
, H8 x% U* e4 W; s* oDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) r) e- R- Z% e) t9 T: R# z9 u
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to G9 B9 L3 X) O, }8 Q/ t
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.' j8 E+ W. f6 A. S5 i" T. b& l' z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) V2 o8 u0 j; ]6 U3 h7 cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to+ J Q/ f9 k3 u* f* o9 H
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' v* s7 P' K( e. {; O2 m6 I% g1 o+ L
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-7 q% c3 t, B, @1 J. v- |( S! o
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
) Y+ a9 ?) D) U; m5 aOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 U8 ]9 t' y7 g" ?( vwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* J5 d- B/ X% s8 A! T4 @+ h
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-0 z7 b1 q" j/ N {7 e
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more% e+ }9 D. k6 y o% z
active in young children exposed to testosterone9 {0 I2 c' a. q4 I S
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 g e. E+ w# x0 I2 ?# udrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 D: H! h+ ~( t0 j0 h5 [$ C
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) n( @5 x+ K$ Y. e% O* s
children results in an increase in growth velocity and2 M) K/ m1 z, Q9 _; T+ R
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
+ S' e4 O! Y4 @! ^/ A" ?+ r) z# CThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 F! {- D7 M# W
early childhood on pubertal development and final7 i3 R n3 |- T( [
adult height are not fully known and always remain- _$ }, S4 b4 e d
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 P& p3 b8 B7 s/ @' h# ^terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# E4 M$ p& D, r) W V b ?, z+ v
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' h3 l; e5 x9 j& c e, h4 H9 ]cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( ]. y/ k7 L6 O* _& m) sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' L% S F' ~8 v3 R+ S% o
There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 z& A9 ~& ]6 [3 j9 w; b+ oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 R, g" n7 b( J$ q1 G4 _) ipenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; A$ c( l- J8 h; |7 ~, h3 ?- e- dadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-! w( ]! ^# ^( ~. {1 X
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,) I j2 L1 t, T) _; [" ?* g
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between8 e" b4 t6 ]" z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 g4 `5 @1 T# j' \penile length in clinical studies./ T; c# }! P0 r& u
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% j: o, I. U+ S
going to experience any of the untoward effects from% j, B1 {% a# K
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" Y4 a: J! s4 I' V& e- h
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
& E$ h9 D# g" d7 R5 M0 y' JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
+ H H& [, X. h. @' F5 ldiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ r. Y% J8 B2 g' R, B) d/ L
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 ]9 A% j1 |" p3 C+ K3 }
height will not be affected., j' g# n2 a5 L8 {; N
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. M) H7 h* H: W+ D, o' Iability of androgen products in our society may
0 [ x# i) X- Z/ r* f1 pindeed cause more virilization in male or female* k) {5 |8 p4 u/ d
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-( Y% y- v/ W+ p6 m( p
gen products must be considered and specific ques-6 F' q6 g* S6 X
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or& Q8 I! w3 C6 v- K) c
gel should be asked of the family members during
% k; D7 F, p+ ` O& x- h" }$ ythe evaluation of any children who present with vir-, g* L4 O8 n9 i) ?
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ K* S4 f1 }) y' {9 lnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
6 r/ d# C& t5 I* o; ?- _1 m' `appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& s% ?2 H6 U# ]4 k. W* t
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
% z5 L7 }$ |' t6 t! F+ Hresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
+ S W; T8 f! t; u& Y( F. Tinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
, M( o' ?7 E' b8 w0 A' c8 F4 _6 gaware of this fact, because most of these children |7 ^/ K& f: f) _0 M8 p# C$ w2 q; [. Y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 } Z% E, Y+ i2 D. PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 Z0 v! o6 N( \4 E5 Dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ z4 J3 h; c: {/ [* l, y- [/ ofemale child who might come in contact with some-& g- j# T! `) a
one using any of these products.
) c2 k. Y' d J( c1 {References
! D" s) ~6 A. C5 L7 _0 D1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' k' D/ e: @. `; ~2 mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# A9 r# s, a0 C6 a q0 ^- {
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* b$ c8 g' }. C5 n8 }( n- a6 h
2002: 565-628./ P. D1 o6 z; u# G2 E, X
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
; B' B' B) I6 Qpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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