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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old ^& b% V6 \0 u
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ W( B" o1 F8 |8 Y
Exposure to Testosterone
' Z% S. a9 y0 ySamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. P6 `) f9 a& S5 Yand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1: y7 W4 Z4 K& A+ X
Clinical Pediatrics
! W/ Z: N. x5 WVolume 46 Number 6
' x E: d; {* F5 d; R: Y: I9 XJuly 2007 540-543
% T# E6 v. Z" H) x© 2007 Sage Publications) m7 h7 r# f2 I+ I* c) A5 G$ g; g
10.1177/0009922806296651
% K. O5 w8 A+ D4 ]; w! E2 ohttp://clp.sagepub.com
9 a v c7 d9 j& Z% [hosted at
3 L7 T9 z1 W- S+ Xhttp://online.sagepub.com
& r# K$ @. @7 z* ~8 XPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 t f' P+ N5 n* E
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
. K7 l6 Y- n2 A4 oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 v) t0 B2 O/ n% k ^0 A( P: z
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; n5 m/ N s' ~5 H% \. Q3 z7 ya higher incidence of organic central nervous system3 G8 _5 S; M* o7 k4 [% A
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
( N) s0 a. O% \- }by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 v7 j7 ?9 C1 B3 e* E9 b' h; A
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-7 R/ r* a5 E5 z4 ~+ u& f* K' P1 S
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We; f. W+ G3 U8 o3 m+ D- j4 m# v0 N
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the0 [7 b: U6 i; u: g" b! \3 \
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
. E+ ~0 y. p% M' q$ @% Ument without testicular enlargement, which was due$ g( h* ?8 y& n
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 F5 b7 E8 X9 x8 V+ f/ Gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-2 }- w( R% W* G- u4 ~- d8 N
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ F- H" E' g# e$ [ o' |child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
# p0 g. v7 L) e ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 v) Z/ e: j1 g2 }* ~- J
bly more common than the rare case report in the8 h7 D) E9 [( G- l4 u
literature.4
h3 B9 s3 Z" U5 qPatient Report
% t4 q. `" Y- x- }$ |% [% b1 nA 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 p! {4 U; U5 D4 Y; W8 K
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" T' G7 E7 a# R1 @! U
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 t& [: m& @) ?9 S' t! d0 m3 @light colored pubic hair development when he was
. U6 A/ g0 Z6 HFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of- \% l" Y8 V* @% ?
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 ~5 R$ w, T' @7 G$ O
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
5 t7 _; T) o R6 { q- M+ gProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of! t! j5 ~( L$ p4 v
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;' n- N2 L. x3 ~1 l% e
e-mail: [email protected].
& S5 r7 r' a* D9 |, h1 E Tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
4 r4 Z7 R% k. l- ?4 x& \! `darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 l7 t, {2 K# `& e
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
\; W; R* C' Xwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) E- ]. c' q- Y0 z- aa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of r' ]% o+ [/ \: G& V9 L3 O
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
. k' ^7 p4 F5 C7 xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 {) F5 c) L k& d( Q
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,/ _! u; q9 x/ P7 K2 h- t' W# z
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 `9 K) \1 w/ {6 W- H* @
was age appropriate.
, y# X) F# M0 U% o; I" Z6 x/ mThe family history was remarkable for the father,
) B1 M- K5 V/ n8 W* [# O; ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
4 J1 U& R S/ k' ~which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; K* Z0 d! \: q; y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
' R2 g+ B& d. H, F" `3 |, }early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.# ]9 f+ |: ~# [" a0 F
The father denied taking any other medication. The+ S5 k7 L6 M& G* [3 T
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche- y6 H) q. Z4 ]; w
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet0 @5 q/ o5 x3 R& M3 U2 e/ I8 D
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-+ r8 S* R% K. k( g: n) K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! W3 E {" ~( K' ~0 T8 o) J6 E
tives. There were no siblings.
& i, v* h+ |$ H4 c+ u3 aPhysical Examination5 P5 ^% ^& W1 f
The physical examination revealed a very active,
3 w8 o. |, d6 G2 H# |2 G0 jplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 W8 C0 y/ I, ]3 W# ^& I6 A% Na blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. {5 ~3 q3 q' y, o: X% y1 f90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) ]! h. V/ u7 _& t5 t
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth* t. K9 @3 Q* u! T
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
; i( O5 [+ b' mthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." i7 [7 P4 U0 C" N
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 A$ F5 h" F" U W- \: p
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, i' l4 v9 m0 M) g7 `& L8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* j, b6 ?( H8 c1 j- L9 Z) A3 [' S6 f
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
3 A% G) u$ t8 _540
. _/ S( W4 x' N; l" r- Jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. z5 \9 ` t4 ]/ v' V
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 ^+ X& f5 X* w8 t
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 D) {! T6 x& ^7 {9 H# TThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# ^; Y! L/ g" R3 j3 u, X- O
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 b/ j4 w# M: m$ R8 S/ m& R" Q
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
2 y0 ?' g; p# x: p% {& W3 @Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 f- _- X. d1 x' ^% H
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ ]+ Q0 X: i8 B7 mof papilledema.8 H( R* h2 ?9 d5 m* B/ N
Laboratory Evaluation& J8 T- K/ S5 h' Y4 P
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
u, [" n- a( Y! ~! N- h4 D: y1 X1 V9 Cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 s/ F# K; |" r5 A0 s9 ylogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ a% Y, G* b3 w* S
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 P5 B. G# u7 e, X4 sshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 u( C4 {/ \. I+ R- Jlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ c: q y* S& o+ ~0 ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood9 h; I; Y' m- |; x( v4 n0 v
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
- G: ?, v9 d- R2 y1 |( pwithin normal range for his age. The concentration* i A3 x- x" v! S L# G
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% ~3 d: {; l: _% H9 [' v
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
0 j+ r, P$ g' g( Nng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) h) ]6 ]2 L) |! f- P$ r
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& _$ k4 I' Q$ T2 t) v
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 G& D9 ^; l: o. Z9 U# B: h49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), @: O3 i$ i3 Z2 |
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
5 p2 ?. ^) e3 T& p% G; mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total |5 X' ]3 H) i0 ]# E
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),- W, m8 A( N% {8 n0 l3 E0 L
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
' Y Q& E" {# X' O7 O5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 [& u- t( X* S2 w6 u
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 s& @3 E3 _9 Y; x2 a2 V% nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 Y/ S3 l: J- Y' Y6 E+ V(prepubertal).8 h- f' l/ o( w
The parents were notified about the laboratory8 D5 O" J( }9 ~6 M1 I$ C k4 O
results and were informed that all of the tests were( l8 v: n+ ?, ?
normal except the testosterone level was high. The6 k( Y( w+ @: Q' A
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to" d9 a- D) R$ W7 W; P- j D
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& x4 g) v" o v' a+ Uever, the family did not return for 4 months.$ R; \$ P# f% r* H, o& {5 h
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
1 S7 \$ _; o5 t& d8 ~# ?child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
) {8 U7 @: [8 b' Y6 G& o! c3 u2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained7 J% ~$ c2 X% `( E, E' V
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( A" M* `, `# M, ]" f8 gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
4 d" I% P3 j2 [2 [/ w% l$ athe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! A2 t, H N& \6 n) x+ V' vmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
: U0 X+ {, J0 R4 t- [The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-% R, ^8 Q$ ?# O( y! }1 Y
ing frequent erections.
8 W5 c8 a0 Z2 |( p9 bBoth parents were again questioned about use of
1 o( y8 I t. Q' ]: u$ r% P6 y! eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 |0 R* ~5 ]% t, sthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ u1 K5 v* ~8 n& ~% UTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5417 Z/ ~: ~6 b6 A' E8 ]
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
( ~8 z; B: t, u/ c5 [( |ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 q1 b6 ]$ G$ d5 J4 F% s5 Q$ L
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed- O, S$ c: m9 i4 T* S2 A: ]7 f7 S
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( z0 T- e' _! |' ^scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 ^+ N9 P2 t* h7 J2 m' J/ N$ F3 H% f
secondary to depression.
# x$ e' J4 C P B( I& A( s) }- dThe child slept in the same bed with parents.5 `0 Q. m& t0 B3 ?( }
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
! _ N7 b7 `& a' z# s* @chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) S3 L* X, O9 [! Rnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
& c# z, P ^9 IThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ y" X6 m3 c& o! K, b8 Y) `7 R1 dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
- q2 H. S8 ~9 X! q( `# ^& J/ ?was high, he then read the product information# @8 w$ d6 S! U% H* f
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! p* x" k' A8 ~8 I& m0 w
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they& }( _7 _" W. f( l8 n1 s/ {- \/ o
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ f6 j' V* a$ |$ c- Y& ^father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! u) U& p: G! a% [: e: I+ mbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 D& p5 F+ K' R
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 j' T2 N* |/ Z& plaboratory to obtain the test. ]3 J9 o/ [" k$ ]
Discussion
5 o7 o7 ^8 r$ jPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 p4 l5 k4 b/ @6 L! R9 }0 G
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
) G+ N2 X! N) X8 o- N, _7 a$ j& aPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 D, f0 ?6 g6 E$ ~it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
0 N* t) e; M1 R; y! z7 I, bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
5 ]1 W' a& ]$ Q) I# {3 e3 T6 ?/ Zmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& S$ g# @& m8 P( _/ s& x0 E
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ ^: }5 v" `: U( e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
+ l5 b3 ^$ V. G) k# q/ a; G2 _amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- d! L& c! h8 I. T! E7 u$ x
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 V1 c7 n! K ?/ lboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
2 ~, G9 O/ f5 Aization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, X) J' z1 d- F% [! b7 f) x1 E0 ~ R4 srical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% e t4 f9 b$ V4 m3 ~
gonadotropins.1,3
% [" [# P' }# W, g7 `: c% o% v1 m6 pGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( q/ K, P0 u3 y1 F" lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate1 Z( Q* s" d" M/ i8 L
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' i ^2 e# p6 j2 U3 m) m% a
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-# F% L ~8 L3 k
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
: {' U$ u, x& q j/ ]3 v, X6 j- tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 }$ ^& h8 H9 ^% G/ \adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 L' `' e' b u3 P0 [6 ypuberty in boys.3,4+ z5 O7 @' w- ]0 `" E* I. p
The most common form of congenital adrenal
! g, e& I2 f: `hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 G# ?, @9 m, O% a0 q/ P" kThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in& O, Y6 Z1 L% |* s" I
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,7 _% b% T) v# m% u
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 r! Q9 q+ r* g2 z; d% Nexcess.1,39 p2 W; s9 {! R0 j& D" p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
{4 L. [4 D% U4 ]! H, f5 C542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 j. Z8 F& ?5 y. V* P/ j+ VA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-3 I! Y2 J! Z' s! O
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
; k( ]- p) d: ~( las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
% w3 A8 D4 b9 H, Every young age. The physical findings in these boys
- s( {: k' x! D9 Q8 m& kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,) `6 b6 q( g9 U' ~1 A" _
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 C$ h4 \ o3 u) g% [with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( S% A5 w& t6 s- a6 _3 I. e- ^* M
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 Z9 I# U6 J0 Y: @9 d3 \) h
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. M3 t* {( F6 G8 o/ j" creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked5 p6 m; z4 J4 K0 c1 s
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
1 ^2 S$ c2 {. Imales; therefore, other male members of the family$ G8 |! c. \% @& K6 z
may have similar precocious puberty.3
6 m( M3 @+ ]9 P: {1 K) ^In our patient, physical examination was incon-* x$ K8 O; `" Y) [
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-' }5 x: W) T% J( G4 v" [
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. f! o8 e# W6 w6 G* W, v( y" ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father4 K3 O+ a) o4 W8 `+ d
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
2 \3 s, u* g9 F* M7 F/ O9 `testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
! }; A& D+ q4 W$ K1 kbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-' [8 S5 K, p) a+ q) e7 B
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
2 E I, x0 q0 q+ I1 G& ibiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 X9 p1 `5 X' T5 v' g3 x1 U6 j
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% |* D0 I: O& f; X+ d3 x, ?- g9 h# sdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
Y: S! ?$ N7 f* o. Jing the normal level of adrenal steroids.% c" r- y7 R# Y. n4 [0 E6 Y+ K: [3 A# F
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
+ _2 D' m h* v- D1 e1 isuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because t& l' W6 M$ `
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- T* D* G' h- G: T$ tpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ t- H [. ]9 adecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-3 \3 X" B- C$ \, v% U/ K% q- i, h. T
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- c9 W [8 j' F8 e! p
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; S3 o8 H4 o- {. o/ X# BDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
6 H7 J2 i$ V5 Qcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# \ z: P4 c# Y& U
unprotected females through direct skin exposure., |8 _: C7 c8 D9 i. O- U* w0 [
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the9 s; O" s/ l3 f& A3 p8 A
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
: c) c# R) G& ]even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
' Z: W+ E; }' e8 wpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' T$ q a* r' \" N
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! g. x9 B K+ f& oOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 U$ j! N+ Q5 `8 G. Uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* o2 l0 e% h& q0 o
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-, X. T" w2 R/ c& W
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
`$ l) R% Q/ P- d& W+ N% u& ?active in young children exposed to testosterone" k2 e. D5 D2 g; B- g5 t1 F
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
. Y# j3 P* c9 E5 Pdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( N' }$ u$ j' F: `( jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ J* i& I6 y, K0 Z: Zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
x Y0 \2 y1 madvanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ R9 {2 u3 z7 T$ y3 U
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during4 F9 U) o5 ]% V m! j8 M
early childhood on pubertal development and final% ~* \/ \6 t3 o ^
adult height are not fully known and always remain8 T& J! M. F1 t+ z8 V. a' S/ c
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
8 Q+ w) B* F" z0 G1 H# y3 aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
6 @. w6 S- v) wacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after3 {$ i+ @; ]$ r
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ Z8 n" @# C; Q8 M' l
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 u. b* O6 m3 x, U3 M+ AThere are conflicting reports and controversy* k; r6 `( e: i& {
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 s/ N! m \% L p/ o5 ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 Z: r3 C% A, s
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- \9 J/ T* ~$ c. |8 e% B
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,+ y/ o) C8 c& w
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 i/ V2 k; Q6 \& N; }( ]childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: ?1 H) P- d2 n# o/ Q+ k: Cpenile length in clinical studies.
V$ T6 [5 {2 D1 y' SNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
; q5 h4 }' @( H+ S9 ~1 g% q/ Kgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
) _8 |" v9 u3 _# ~/ N( S4 o. k& A* Ftestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because% y4 G6 N0 s. A+ c7 P% R9 u4 `
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
8 x" e7 n8 j4 l n- y4 E' K" _Although the bone age was advanced at the time of! x; s6 j' E% v2 ?
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. G- o9 P+ V; N0 p/ [) v" { S* R5 ethe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) Q& ^2 \9 \: I' c# j) Xheight will not be affected.
6 X+ T3 ~+ E* J6 bAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ a. w" d- Y; j) ? l% tability of androgen products in our society may
5 e" Y. y! g) ?% H0 S) jindeed cause more virilization in male or female, j: U! P5 A; ^9 Z, y A+ Z8 ]
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-, F, s) u; U J. E" t0 P0 G
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 z7 a/ m, Q5 Itioning about the use of a testosterone product or/ h+ T+ ~! q9 P
gel should be asked of the family members during! I+ }( R4 v$ w8 v; w
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
* j, @# j" @! A3 B0 silization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: n1 A$ { x/ z% N- D& R
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% I. ^, _. e/ n( r8 N/ Wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ ]. Y9 f$ h+ x m: n; {3 J* ]& Q
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' h& O! j M/ u9 R. ]( o5 C7 y; I7 Qresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: Y) t" b: a+ [" e, Q
investigation. The primary care physician should be
( b) `( t7 s0 b, q8 q" iaware of this fact, because most of these children
8 s' ]" p$ ^9 D+ x& A: [' omay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ ^" Y7 V/ A7 _* K
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a. r$ V! `3 Z8 c) R8 T. A
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or" _: y( @4 O( O9 x+ I
female child who might come in contact with some-
3 j3 I& N% x1 y4 wone using any of these products.- J" q. S" G; \) t
References( t1 y7 u \. K6 B: n
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation3 Z2 @! s# \) b- o$ \4 }
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 o# n) B3 s) P5 V& C) Q
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;$ ]0 b/ W# A6 z/ H3 u5 ~. g
2002: 565-628.5 ], w, L6 n& s3 d2 N
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( b: r# [" N: \3 x( D8 Lpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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