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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
$ A* Z3 }/ x, k. c. DBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
& K2 T% H+ h! M  K! IExposure to Testosterone5 n6 @$ v9 T* v4 x
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,20 S6 T/ T. g3 B" B
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% s, U, N4 j- iClinical Pediatrics1 f: ^0 _4 A  l
Volume 46 Number 6
" x$ K0 M2 ]& D9 d& BJuly 2007 540-543! `" {0 V: n4 T* v" E5 \' Y  M
© 2007 Sage Publications4 M7 l0 s; e  V: v: X
10.1177/0009922806296651
! n" G( j' k2 W" l3 l+ _http://clp.sagepub.com: }  v8 m6 t. F9 f" ^2 x  G( W3 A
hosted at& m$ k. p' s' V0 P2 s
http://online.sagepub.com
! W9 K. {6 |- b1 x/ J/ a' X  b9 \Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
  @2 H: F: m+ C' M) N( dis a significant concern for physicians. Central6 b1 [. H4 P+ Y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
1 a/ a0 r# _# I" d; e% Qthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" Y$ P. l; y% z) p+ Wa higher incidence of organic central nervous system' l& f9 ]: O) f( G
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested) Q1 ~7 z9 H# Z: ~  R' [* V
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic- R1 W. i. h$ y( F* z$ c
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
7 y5 o: g( \$ p3 O" g2 k' _cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We0 j# B) V3 t7 T6 b
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. f0 ~) e. A, A: U& v
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
# \! a% y! Y9 E9 {* u0 n, N) K+ Vment without testicular enlargement, which was due; i" w6 W) ]/ j6 d% f! ?/ x
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 y) b8 m7 U: [1 i# K
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-5 i5 F4 j" P1 n. X. l8 o
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' t6 i4 C  P/ B, {2 q' f( S
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of# m" L: R/ m6 e, \+ F% v0 s
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 y; V2 ^2 u2 N( Z! v9 U0 ^' hbly more common than the rare case report in the
' R5 X) m9 a1 eliterature.4% ]9 t+ B# s+ u( b) B
Patient Report
" y% x  ]5 r; ]7 q5 b9 cA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 o' S4 g$ T3 v0 Q4 z: S' M% _$ Sendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ h5 m& {9 a9 }4 \- _% a" m7 S
of early sexual development. His mother noticed  N  A! z3 h+ z- s) b. X3 J3 t
light colored pubic hair development when he was0 c" z' d8 J3 o
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 H3 P8 d2 r% d3 JSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 G  N( ]# i$ v* ]! h5 Y
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  A/ C; {$ g, [% C! [# MProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of% u0 G7 q. @& P: ~9 r3 o- H' T
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
% i# P" d6 w0 v3 L  D$ E( B, fe-mail: [email protected].* L& a) N; C2 r/ h
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 E9 q  ?# O1 B! q4 w0 wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 J" W: B  b) o( D$ H
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child& y: {/ q- v: l& o
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 y: Z  @/ v& o- l2 S$ P) a/ ]
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
; i7 `# v0 I& Q8 }: U( h20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 m1 d/ `5 l1 N& S  j
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% A$ A8 h# Y' fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; l2 `+ P% y/ o: F  a7 M  Xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
6 F& `1 B$ a7 _was age appropriate.
7 [) u- Q3 L; z/ U( A. g5 i- hThe family history was remarkable for the father,7 e1 L  @6 @  w, u9 G
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 n3 I. E( l( S6 m% X/ j$ Y% u4 Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s0 Z  _4 ?6 B4 o" ?( r* _
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 p& v9 h7 x9 p' Uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 m) c4 F/ y- S2 ?  cThe father denied taking any other medication. The
9 F% b9 u) M6 k5 k$ b5 H$ t% gchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 Y1 V  }/ f! l( Z/ }
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
0 Y6 T; \- a$ r0 Z5 `: E; E5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% |+ K7 C* m' vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ p6 H5 Z1 Q+ F& @/ {# E- L. w6 ttives. There were no siblings.- V$ I1 I) z! j( b, E
Physical Examination. X  X& v! Y7 [1 N! F; y7 f1 \, G
The physical examination revealed a very active," a$ t0 m+ C0 @+ C# X% b/ m
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented! H. d& P6 ^& }- A  d
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was& m. ~2 T" R. R
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg/ f2 V% P9 k' j% [& t
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth- e+ V! R7 h2 A& c! n7 @. L
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
) B9 w  b: u5 L" z3 x+ Gthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., K% p$ j- x, v. `
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
- M/ r0 C- s4 N4 q% a9 venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 N$ c6 k; X- w
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& s  o! `1 `6 [) I: _developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) q# t  s; t# `+ C- x8 N" K1 }5408 @: Y, x" q/ m* r" J  r; k
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 L3 @2 u# G( Q* \, d' i/ g4 ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: o5 I2 E# Z3 ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 }7 Q. _+ A. }- I5 z: _! k
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat5 @4 v5 g8 h0 L# P3 K# ?5 G, i" j2 p
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* p! G1 n  j& j3 z2 N3 Pabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
+ r5 U9 ]+ f; c5 BNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( l, n, V3 x, `9 k9 g" E# kbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
2 e( s2 K) j4 Z0 L( }% Gof papilledema." v: V  y! o0 Y' L, ?
Laboratory Evaluation
$ o5 T/ v8 H/ j. CThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by: R; X+ H5 \6 Y9 O7 v0 S/ k2 X0 h: _
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- F0 W' F8 |1 g: tlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# y2 \* t9 J" b6 Ekaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  M# k9 E. Y. U6 o
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  v0 o6 S# i2 J6 J0 n- clating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ @( N0 i1 ]' y* I3 V$ t' k
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
( U- S# V& T3 P  jurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% _* W# i3 u" x# H5 Y' s. Twithin normal range for his age. The concentration- K, s4 ~% A: }( b0 _
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL& G2 [1 L% C1 Z7 Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 u, x8 t8 p% R7 |" Ong/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' M9 m2 ]- ~. ?2 e0 q5 m
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
+ e& ]6 {6 e3 ^: O/ }4 \desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
: E) r7 f5 C1 `( j9 W49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S). X! D% h0 b. G. r
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# N9 w# _8 q' @4 ^0 }% ^) Y7 xtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ T. p5 E( K: p6 K& S5 P1 ]2 Ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: \! `  [* l0 s3 e2 H- u  D2 rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; S) g! ~) A  b
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular( ]' @. i& F) X& Z" l1 v
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 n5 t# G% p/ K" g: p  bconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ G4 G" ?. n# n$ f4 t. `(prepubertal).& @7 O# T0 r+ @- ]
The parents were notified about the laboratory
2 e! v. M& T8 G0 W  U5 f; mresults and were informed that all of the tests were
3 b0 b1 `0 e, Inormal except the testosterone level was high. The
/ f  d- k1 c: Q* H1 V& Ifollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to* K6 y0 w$ G5 T
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 j4 \  [# v& U* L1 n
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 L2 _+ ], F" Y
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
1 {* y3 L, H( ^4 {" ?$ _child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ y9 a" g4 @5 [! _6 s! Z, q2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
' d5 ~; y7 v% v9 U, F* T( Runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* ?4 Y/ C. G. H" g7 d
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
! ~/ r  i9 z: ?4 gthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: \& a& S8 @& g, N' ?6 y+ Q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
/ X- s% x$ }& g- G! u! `5 a3 q8 WThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
- y/ X6 T  y1 iing frequent erections.0 A4 k0 _! ~; g. h  l9 c
Both parents were again questioned about use of
6 e; X" ~" \# F( F8 [+ D( N$ _any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- _$ g  u; V& g  a7 X& H* Hthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" v0 T9 a+ g3 O0 I0 STopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5415 |) Z1 t0 v/ N
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-7 j! H% O  m% b5 N5 Q! O3 s
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- T. P6 B$ j( e5 L) \2 C5 `7 |
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 S9 S" [/ n* R. p: J( X6 x
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-# q8 ?" s+ o; Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
& U: r, ~( D- O6 v/ J1 Nsecondary to depression.
9 x6 ?5 j9 f$ VThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
* ], E5 B) A& c% NThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his' ^& l* @" ?% \# k" a( X1 ?
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 M% W2 `: P. W. vnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: |' b" Y6 B& p# {, vThe father also admitted that after the phone call,% I% w: B  J9 N9 s9 P
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
1 [. a; d4 c; @  {3 Vwas high, he then read the product information+ r1 t! a) ?1 u$ i' n
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
& [( I6 @$ m, M" S% Z  i$ V1 tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
" Z: i. s6 u, ?8 m% kdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" }  ~3 e8 v: z% d. H8 j
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had9 X2 O6 D7 I) X
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" G  W: P+ Y" B. x4 \
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- d( i2 b" |# U8 I5 Zlaboratory to obtain the test.
; _& C, e8 }7 F. [& R; z" g, BDiscussion- C; R/ j6 \7 `
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" j, I2 a: Q% z- [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,48 h( n! K. ~. {
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when( V7 C1 p& V3 _1 W, K/ z
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 a! m- d: u" v* w" s2 Q) O* Q2 y2 z
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 X' l  a6 L, |8 z/ V+ F
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
( E3 [! T' J% |( c, ~) dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
$ @& i/ C. b8 }9 }: M! Oresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: L7 E$ [6 Q: u7 g. _amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  u  ]8 d8 \- _& J
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ N% ^* c4 W+ \' \1 vboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 w9 C5 h" c3 E5 F! S# r$ [ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% ]! q/ o1 x! L0 ^6 Urical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( o2 A0 F1 L  V; c
gonadotropins.1,3
/ Y% n7 E9 N2 Y  e' t( K1 V$ bGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 I+ x+ ^5 x; |: }1 Fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
2 P  f  s; m8 Y. m; L  _- J. Iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
  l8 ^9 o  ?2 X7 o9 p! j2 _exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
+ t* ~; }& _" L+ h2 @* C7 e) sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
, H0 r! b( A- s4 E: `congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) G% K4 P3 N8 ?. i5 W) u' A: y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 p5 {+ Q1 T) z9 i/ @
puberty in boys.3,4" d0 y2 N- H+ Q  i
The most common form of congenital adrenal
1 c1 A% o: b7 [2 ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.+ k) i" h/ f) O1 d) S! K
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
: J1 b, y1 Y* J( o; @excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% ?' t' n# \/ {: u. h
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 X& K; |& {6 I2 z4 `0 T: Qexcess.1,38 e  @. b8 |8 b3 N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 h9 `% h' m1 o  l% N& G: V
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007! ]" J% v- l* |; ^( V/ X
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 R* U) P% q, x0 O/ V
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 I5 g7 K4 L0 ]) P9 V8 Pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- j" [; U# n) O: p# @( U
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; A: p9 A' W( p4 D5 F
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
8 |" Z7 P0 b: S$ u3 N/ lincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- [& o- I/ s' k% z  ^7 I: Twith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& d& x" x; s( P( I
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' r. [1 }( ^6 z7 v; |pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; O8 _% K7 q3 F3 Z# ?  W  d$ z5 C( r
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: Q0 E7 y# |2 S0 xautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
1 L) a  }" H: S5 s; Pmales; therefore, other male members of the family
3 a) v, K/ ?3 y- v: |may have similar precocious puberty.3- P/ x- n5 |9 u& k; e8 \7 z. M* n  e
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
. O. u3 {/ G: L: |- z% }7 r) ]sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
  Y, R' h3 m5 Fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. T3 L2 k4 L- C# Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
# x7 {" B, H0 p8 o. g- J, H$ Y+ jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 K8 J) o$ j- T) gtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
6 I8 F) K" A8 D0 o, a% D4 w% cbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ ?. y; ~# a* h: m! J% P2 W0 N& t
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ Y1 t) c1 P: B9 k
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 L4 F" t- v3 p6 weither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* j% Z2 @) h8 B& C( V
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-4 p  O! d5 s$ Z5 R
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* p' R4 }. N, f- S4 pThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 ^; `! o, S3 X7 b' Q, R
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because6 p: e& }6 ?) Q! E# }' V: e: k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-- P- V8 J% p+ d) j- r/ ^( {0 |$ |
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and. ^5 x2 W5 p' D
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-; b! q, F, `" c' H+ \8 s  {# j
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( Z$ c" ~' S* D0 ]8 u) Dusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 ~0 ?1 p. S$ m( |5 @. o0 PDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. C& V) G9 Z- G# t7 [, l$ _
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
- x8 j( ?/ M' n/ funprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) C. V. {( X6 g) A( E( u5 J! {Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. ]# s6 x# Z$ }  z. D2 O
baseline value in those females who were exposed to/ I' f0 L% Y7 b3 K3 I$ f2 M
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male& r. B  P- C( X4 x" D% ~# ]+ T
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( P# `& j( s8 m( Z/ Ktion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." j- H# w. x, U
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 i: q+ ?5 ?! o1 V7 u) ]# |& pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- Z' ]. ~, x! U7 j6 n  }
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
, c/ Y4 d+ p- L) Q4 uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more0 Q% L" D: {5 O
active in young children exposed to testosterone5 e% k2 j7 D1 U( G0 Z& D0 `/ ]9 [  \
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
; t$ _7 v) L# k0 d& c: ]drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 k' C) f* T: ]3 ^% E2 I! l
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
, `: z& ~4 Q4 h' o8 T! {$ jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! M$ y- A  R$ B* |1 q: {# Q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.( Z) d8 d( T) N+ ~# m; [; \
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during7 c% c- S( n5 f6 L* O
early childhood on pubertal development and final
+ ], H4 [3 |& p! Q) F: Iadult height are not fully known and always remain
+ l3 T* j$ Q& N  H! Z5 n, n* H' ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: l! I! o9 l# M0 }! N1 c0 J  E& oterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
; y% L/ E' T3 i- b& h7 Pacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 f- K1 k/ o! j1 V$ Vcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
; t+ D3 Y- r, Jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& y- ~  H# G! `# w, |3 S/ ~4 MThere are conflicting reports and controversy
8 a7 s: ?! C  z. r, f+ n5 nover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult8 \# l- f! S/ a, h8 J$ _; `6 ^& r
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 ?  r7 P( Y) q# U- J& Z# Z" y7 radult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, x9 Y4 _) K* }1 f1 Z, O1 y' Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,  [/ U" l  z0 |5 P
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% e1 x5 V6 q# v7 O  A
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
) v& [# B: j) s% f/ \& bpenile length in clinical studies.5 I5 @; V0 v* e  Z6 _8 Q+ I" a1 t, U
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" X& l5 s! a( K$ ^
going to experience any of the untoward effects from, O" z2 Q* x0 O1 E' e
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
0 L% d' [6 P* e5 X% wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 K0 D1 G; u5 v( v' PAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
+ J4 l; W( ~; O  F/ u4 b/ p/ Kdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. r( `" W( O/ I5 C" t% X( ythe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; u. ~- `" f( q" a( Cheight will not be affected.
& y$ q8 U; y, w* FAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 p3 x2 h$ `- h% \: D0 M1 V8 Gability of androgen products in our society may
, T& g* b# i" z6 r# ?% K) ^( h$ Windeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 N, D3 ~( F5 bchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: X6 @4 ]: f7 J$ l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-( n$ t6 x/ O0 f+ r( B2 Z9 _* u
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ T( x5 u! o. o& s0 G3 `( [1 o0 U
gel should be asked of the family members during5 K9 X' o6 p1 ^; l- g" \# X& r
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-1 `4 I7 W  T7 M
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
: e8 q" o8 k1 C. q/ H# x' Pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
8 s3 n; X2 N  K) L9 E3 A* cappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
: b; r( a, e: g# R9 `. R/ khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, D$ c  {! K; ^# d6 G& w: X
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% ~5 \; X; ~* V6 o. uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be; @* I) x, i: ?% f$ R, Q6 C
aware of this fact, because most of these children
1 h6 `. x, s( jmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 ~, j* V/ |, j. U4 qDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 p, S. l' @, N5 W) X; Q, awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ d# ^* ^0 P7 z- v! o
female child who might come in contact with some-
6 B' z, Q: u3 J$ C% S7 uone using any of these products.4 y1 x3 v9 |. ]
References
) e* ~& i) w5 U- I  M+ |3 V1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation8 x* x  v) ?$ }
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( ~0 P' T) y$ H" w. z) p
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, k& {' Z5 s) P+ s2002: 565-628.
* s& f6 e1 {! L5 s, w2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, \. y' O+ i- P7 {
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 M) w/ W1 R  |; e* g9 ?Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
  W4 N8 {! H( n; T1 xExposure to Testosterone) \9 U/ H; N4 J* G, J# i. s
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 U+ Q; U4 G7 k2 |' _) O
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
7 C4 L; @, e& P+ s; n) DClinical Pediatrics
3 g5 i1 D" W) ~/ aVolume 46 Number 60 z4 W( G3 u2 [. M
July 2007 540-543$ }/ k0 b5 x) a, s9 X
© 2007 Sage Publications+ x! ^+ x; ~9 z4 F+ B
10.1177/0009922806296651
. ~( ?7 }( O/ n! `+ ~3 Ohttp://clp.sagepub.com  P( F: l6 J1 E" o' @( y3 w
hosted at# w5 D3 S5 W( H( W, J: ^5 f8 p2 s  e
http://online.sagepub.com
: u; R0 Z% s* p+ |" \/ @( m3 w/ uPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
( |. B" d6 Y. Pis a significant concern for physicians. Central
# w5 R/ r6 S! c" V7 r( `  q6 L# mprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
7 F2 i( Y6 w0 W5 Y' ethrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
9 z6 U9 |  V( a) ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system. B( s5 j4 ]% |/ m# p+ U, g5 C
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" B# @5 t2 ~3 C- |( f
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 i, L% }* Z( Z" ^
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) w/ e8 U* n2 m( p3 t0 Q
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
, }( a8 T# x- O* f1 Ureport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% q& H* M+ G/ ~enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-5 L9 n7 _6 d/ n* U' u4 s! [6 o
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. @. k$ e! D$ i, c6 Sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by% g! ]2 q- d; }3 v. [: k2 o
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' ?$ S3 M0 f7 s0 @- W! i
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
* B9 Q! c1 l$ lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, `. P8 c. k: [/ \  ?testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, t' _9 q# i- M& z& obly more common than the rare case report in the$ }0 c! n6 Z% U8 m4 S) C; g
literature.4
( H) {, z2 c5 K9 n1 iPatient Report3 E% n8 u- D# f. G# R& U
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 h  T, v' R- I* `& p& r* yendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ F. C. Y; A4 Z/ W# P" X. l
of early sexual development. His mother noticed! N% [5 Y5 n2 Y6 T5 b- F5 z
light colored pubic hair development when he was& ~3 @8 f; |+ i# W$ o# M2 v
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& ^* {; F8 d6 U! Y# nSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# ^; h( x6 r6 L" [8 V! fAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# J/ f; W3 I, t; {) m  I3 S. Z
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
1 ~' }0 ^" F! ^5 CMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: r; c* a# @; I( W9 A; T" \$ G
e-mail: [email protected].
# A2 X( Q( I  ^about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 f) F" [: _# {0 Y, f+ U# x
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 z7 Z- J9 G" \9 O0 P
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 u6 v2 {8 r- y( ]8 t, `* l$ {4 _" l  l
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with4 ]' E' ^. b) @: {% f5 O
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
. A- F! }% J* u+ ~1 g) Y' q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year, U& u7 i, g  [  m% N3 r
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with7 w5 W6 _% X+ J) |  `9 o
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
& M( n% k- E7 s! N9 i+ dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development( {0 Y: g2 g5 ~7 ~
was age appropriate.
* w1 P7 m! W; ]: ^% ~# a) bThe family history was remarkable for the father,4 p# r4 G: n% Z  F, Q4 W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
5 q; l0 k; g$ e! o7 }which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; W- M/ ]. t/ q. z+ D
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 j. v( w8 A% s. c+ Q; c
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
$ Z6 v9 r# p& S3 K6 HThe father denied taking any other medication. The$ F7 \5 W8 r9 k+ b4 p, |
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ N+ U! }- \( H7 S/ u# a8 k# k" f7 ?was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- n1 e$ E1 b  {, y8 y  N5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-5 c' k8 |. d0 v& i
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 a8 K% v& v. `4 ~" n5 p
tives. There were no siblings.: _  T8 p6 Y# P) W! q
Physical Examination
) ?! w' ]* ~8 O% B: bThe physical examination revealed a very active,- `% B4 }- `$ T: m! Z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented5 W6 O! D' h  d$ [; U
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# i. V/ ^5 e4 ]& t* }6 o  x90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg& o' e# ^0 ?7 e
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth  q& P! l! E. O7 L+ W
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of7 V7 b+ M5 L- F$ w
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 l1 f2 v# x7 a: s
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ X+ p0 u$ z9 Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 y0 J4 ~& @5 T- s5 }' t9 x( R
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. {& F7 N, a2 s& Z8 k3 q9 Y5 K1 `developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& ?3 j) p$ b7 Y; n7 ^$ x- U! A6 r, Q
540. h5 l, a7 g' q, F- u9 D
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! L3 U1 i9 ]- x3 Xthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
  t8 M; Z$ h& I0 {9 J: B7 mtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
5 Z/ f/ K: X* w/ b5 BThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) ^6 ]5 @! C- \: Coily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no* w- O3 G% Z4 k0 f4 _
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.0 j+ ?, t: D& b! [
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! q6 ^% C" |" L( @* ?' S: p% @
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
- v: l& U$ ^2 @8 f, E5 w/ ^! M: |7 Mof papilledema.6 C7 h7 c* H. ?  V5 K
Laboratory Evaluation
' }. L+ G3 [+ D  i7 ^* LThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by4 Z8 b  p2 a# @
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-  _- U: T9 E, k/ k( i# F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal3 I  H1 [. D* f/ I; [+ b) z
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 ~: u2 W2 t) W; }showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ ^) n5 i4 h$ ]! I: D7 b. a5 ?6 ?, plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ v* T. ~1 G- u; \
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" s& H  L, l+ N* purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were& T7 k/ Z! `. ^& d
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 d! F) ~! I$ b) ^& F  yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL$ S3 a( j9 F# d. h+ g5 |. T
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& m3 u* \8 J$ l0 L, p; ]ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 j; q1 C: _9 F0 c3 W
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: v; o: f: Y8 l( h) C: t# G* U# r! @8 Udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# W1 S. q# N% o) U( V- n+ N49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
! Y; U, j% T: f- X! hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' Q! F$ c: f  ^% o' c
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 |; O8 T/ {: B3 S! I1 b$ e+ v
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# n$ B2 }5 y  r$ B4 s4 n9 @and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than% G6 g/ ~$ h( E
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: @- N9 p4 F' w( z2 x+ b6 |7 T0 Cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' L; {+ ]+ I( ?4 w  |! [( \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: Z- M& U& f3 }
(prepubertal).
3 q8 d' C" ~7 ^The parents were notified about the laboratory
% T8 x) E  I: H2 U: Sresults and were informed that all of the tests were
) T0 M7 c3 S) g5 V! H3 @normal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 ^8 G# u# {' V: k9 |follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 G5 [- M, J. ~
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ r/ h3 n) T' ^1 B5 |6 P- _- {* wever, the family did not return for 4 months./ F4 @# M* \* O2 c$ [* X+ y; |
Physical examination at this time revealed that the5 n* t" H) K' K8 o& r& R# @7 M. u
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained( w! G  s/ V/ m2 r, x7 r* [" ^
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 P' g6 d7 }" H2 N0 N, ^& N9 a
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 P. P4 J' {( E# A% X% |( B$ r4 m' l+ [
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at" a* U& k! b7 C5 a
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
% q3 t% x6 G; Y9 {mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 [  {0 x+ F! l! x9 }  M; [- `) T
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) ?3 F) x# i+ f! g+ f$ t
ing frequent erections.; l$ Y5 _0 b$ o+ t
Both parents were again questioned about use of8 h, e2 g2 ]9 o, e7 p, r; x$ H7 U1 g1 ]
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 K$ V/ }- \7 k4 Vthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' p: M" J: I8 t4 D
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5414 k4 ~1 ^1 B4 z3 ~5 F
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-2 R9 X. I! e* p. t2 i8 j3 g* j7 E0 u
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: p6 P" T) T+ L5 ^9 Pa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 A% v2 ^1 M, h; P5 c8 e! bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" f9 Z; s/ c( D4 Y6 _3 c  y8 F
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
% ^5 @! x  p1 {5 \secondary to depression.( K# }' o/ i4 B" [" @
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
/ l* M6 ?" |& F. L2 |The father would hug the baby and hold him on his) t, s  Y1 _, D
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 N6 x" p% u; f  f5 Unificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 ?" [' R" G+ _2 tThe father also admitted that after the phone call,1 `; @3 G- u0 L# ]: P% x
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 p1 b  y  m3 T' [, \
was high, he then read the product information
% K1 U1 G0 S- Gpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- r8 F- d1 u# e) v( l# G
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
8 N* d+ `; L% t/ Ddecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
6 |2 ]7 q6 Y; W3 Z' kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
( x$ j; P7 {6 ibeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
  q' b: a0 M4 X& S+ M; j; Y) N+ ytest was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ u8 l1 z; b" F5 B
laboratory to obtain the test.
* O) ~4 O* _! Z/ v! i& jDiscussion
; m- n5 d8 O4 A1 Z; f2 v: iPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary4 @2 f/ L5 M6 Y; g5 Z
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 w$ |8 \1 ]2 B) S1 r1 w
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ @2 J, T3 t1 h+ ]9 I
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
, ]# x1 u4 T: P. ]0 m/ r2 vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. ^; Q) ?8 m( F, ~# ?  T
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP" Z. S6 E' P2 X% E/ `8 u8 J- G
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
" @; z8 ^, v) D+ ]1 I% R3 D2 ^6 W, x% Yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
5 m( e: _' A. x" r% Aamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
0 K8 A: B3 @) O3 s0 }0 N( ^sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 h/ W, h* R' D8 E2 u: W
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
; g0 x2 |. R% Z) M& @& S( G: `ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 N$ v( ^4 l# G" a% \6 a; j# x
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% W2 v: p; T( C0 t9 {
gonadotropins.1,33 e2 U% C) v1 h: K; O/ i3 a1 F7 b
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: ]; X* ^  f% v4 J# k2 B6 G& W/ `- r, D
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 \) m; @) A+ h% n1 I" e  e- o9 D: h
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) ]' J& X1 Q! Y6 {- ~! O0 ~exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
' ?* l- m+ I* ?. f2 T/ wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 M: e) U8 V9 U, Vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* O2 T5 {+ u+ n- ~# kadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" O0 j$ k" K) }+ B3 D8 Ppuberty in boys.3,4
' j: r9 p6 [0 [7 @- p7 bThe most common form of congenital adrenal
$ S/ Q8 Y' e* _$ V5 E% C- G7 nhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- F7 o5 g' ~- M# @) q, I
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
0 b' f9 l! }. b# Oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 Z2 u3 T  ^, `' R7 van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen% K  ~6 c5 d  o
excess.1,3
% D: s7 a% s) e7 ]. V& Z8 Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 c  c* T  |% ]! l* }1 ^5 Q+ s$ y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
3 C/ O  y! \7 xA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
0 R% f$ o0 C, \! M' Pindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
  F0 o- w4 k9 z: Z0 c0 v' bas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ J# A+ z6 L. o2 [) y
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# G' G4 c2 i& e/ k( g8 E3 bwith this disorder are full pubertal development,7 {& p8 n# d! C: v
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys, T5 ~8 g( u8 ]7 Z
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
5 T$ B: l! j) c5 i4 p$ K4 a* sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
% l! H6 G( {: b8 q( {, r2 gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
! a& \1 H, @6 ]  creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' v( I0 K( b5 T2 ]* @7 y! u0 aautosomal dominant disorder that affects only4 v! F% N' F* `1 ~
males; therefore, other male members of the family
7 C- e0 n8 h8 K2 x3 Y" tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
* B( n$ g5 r: a7 n! ?In our patient, physical examination was incon-
! j6 ^/ l9 L( _8 j# z& i7 |sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% C/ i; }" A5 k6 p# |8 k, G9 {cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- b- ^0 U9 }, ]% j9 g6 ?7 A7 ^+ b
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
# m. j" f' G# R+ e! K( dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
( G& A2 B2 T' N4 l& ptesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
8 E. Q7 [6 T: z6 c& o" Ibeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 T9 d6 T/ o6 }% [- B
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
8 k  }- C, B3 B" q7 ibiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 E4 ?; B! K8 M( G* l4 eeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 O, f  Z1 _" x; r+ p
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 k* Q7 K3 Z4 g7 J) sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.: M8 B  h3 x3 E* l. v2 K- O" O7 ~3 c: J
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly+ u6 d$ o; Z; i! s, `
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: b/ B& K$ c9 S; l, Wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 |+ e) x$ N0 H) |2 O, H8 [pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 ?# h) ~* W# ?- ~* |$ Q5 N
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-. k6 ]0 p4 _8 v3 o) f
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ P7 O& V" X. |$ j5 ?using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 ]+ [4 x; c' ]Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or3 j: ~& r3 F8 ?3 m- T8 I; r
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% d. W: J' h6 T3 L( Y/ I7 ^
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.. H# u' U1 S3 E; X6 C3 I
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the- V, u9 c5 o2 F9 N; J3 f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
+ B# N9 d* ?% I' y7 H/ neven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: E# r% h! [& E5 ]% ^6 Zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-3 X# n3 ?' h  B$ W4 P: g
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 r. [' a7 Y* D+ }2 I3 ]Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,+ b1 L( X/ V9 O6 z0 ^6 `
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 F' \8 h( Z8 m% i: }- R$ }dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-) A, t4 `7 |* ?; R; V* e8 O
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ I6 N- U0 `# H8 Xactive in young children exposed to testosterone
+ B1 m3 a! a3 u# l' {9 A6 i- \% ^exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( q' @* E  X0 A8 C. Ddrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 [- B$ D2 A3 T% V: k$ \9 evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in1 T! E' K2 b/ D) ?1 V5 j! H2 y
children results in an increase in growth velocity and0 _: `6 L; l# g$ z) c/ N
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient., K4 P" x1 |1 W" j. M3 B
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ J3 d$ q7 M# M- t) C% @early childhood on pubertal development and final  ~/ E  {. n2 c' T: G, v0 u
adult height are not fully known and always remain! ~. }$ P% R: t8 R
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  O8 _! |  N& |" P, S. f7 ~9 c% A
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some4 ]& i- ]4 p' h: ]7 O& P# d! {2 D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
9 {* q' w- ~& W% \cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( E; r5 @6 p! b! ^8 M# U1 U- Mdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 q7 p1 m0 k2 F  p6 h$ R
There are conflicting reports and controversy
" b/ r' L' _: }0 S& m1 j6 Sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult3 r, [+ y0 Z0 H, O$ s
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
3 Y9 S( ?1 K; Dadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  u1 x0 @7 p  M9 S) F
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,3 o; d( a# G; x5 u/ y/ K; s. A' G
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ H9 V  l4 Q" ochildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult0 ?: H/ M) K1 @& D; y9 U3 k9 J
penile length in clinical studies.
! @& r2 s. d+ X, ^6 q, qNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- ?- E4 T$ j, i& I0 W
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 G# X/ U3 e: Btestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because- B, u# ^3 f( F) I  w$ O4 J
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., \1 T0 z- ]* j6 f! m/ f0 ~* n
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of3 I+ L9 M! T5 @  d$ ?
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
! b5 o2 [0 ~2 u$ J- q7 hthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult+ b" u0 }1 T/ {5 `- u# @
height will not be affected.
4 f( b8 g" z, `% A/ L4 L' pAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-+ J  |5 c, e: z+ W3 Z6 B- @( m8 f7 ~
ability of androgen products in our society may& s6 `& A1 c+ d6 }
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
( Y1 o/ u2 M7 e3 _1 schildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 `% L0 r0 Y) p2 n: q5 L; K" D5 Igen products must be considered and specific ques-1 O% X- ~- t; X; B; l3 g; V
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or% Z  K& q. W' P3 l: i$ |9 j
gel should be asked of the family members during
/ o8 I  @" m8 B/ c! n9 gthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
2 P6 b4 K1 x: V  I5 v: C. e! eilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-5 L: _6 Q7 Y0 n
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by) V7 Q' N9 X9 Q) q4 N
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) R( o5 Y* P! h. a, Q1 y, [6 {history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
  l% x3 v3 n. d7 N! kresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" }+ ]7 [( Q1 F; o
investigation. The primary care physician should be
) K  A! x/ N( D& i) r2 Yaware of this fact, because most of these children4 `/ _) r0 j7 J5 U# P
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
# w% Y4 s- s5 Z: w$ w' }! TDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 T. N; f6 T; owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or7 I/ ?, {" p1 l, {: x
female child who might come in contact with some-
$ h6 m; _0 T" ]  D* z3 sone using any of these products.
. g, Y% ?$ o2 z; J( P$ ]' V. L6 XReferences; i- G+ T; A. G9 `+ R8 i
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 n; d$ H7 u$ {5 H. C
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, L8 Z) {( P& {2 m9 {* i# gEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' E: \& F! Q- ^! a. Y1 B/ g2002: 565-628.. ]  t5 \: o& K7 t
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious/ H5 c& k8 P$ k: z: _
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
9 |9 U! e+ e0 n- `) C( x
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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