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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' Z, A7 k3 t- M/ `Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 {3 i* q7 E* z9 e7 L+ H8 h4 BExposure to Testosterone- [' g/ H, p5 U7 r& C
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2: b- }- l; Y" E! S0 Y
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1( B" O- Q, K  z- }% O) S, R
Clinical Pediatrics' h/ y* q- Z2 ~9 s" B; B
Volume 46 Number 6
# r+ W% f2 i$ _0 _July 2007 540-543$ [# u3 O: \# h: `. a
© 2007 Sage Publications$ W! a4 a  t! X# H
10.1177/0009922806296651
( p  u2 q) n$ g7 K1 ~8 _http://clp.sagepub.com% _5 |/ S0 Y* t% b5 @4 {8 B+ p
hosted at
! @/ ?! e" j+ `7 G$ Q/ I* ]- x" ?& ihttp://online.sagepub.com& z) u# M5 [) V" e# q) W+ x
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 Y" p7 S+ V* V4 X" B
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
7 Y6 c" k2 @7 ?precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated' A, a9 G* O* l( j) a# Q0 Y& y0 U
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 b) l6 L# W$ k- U4 h2 W
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ L% K# P2 b. j. K" T6 Klesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ U, S8 f. @& s6 [  |
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic/ ^6 C) D, s4 z" o5 y$ f
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 e/ i2 f2 y% @" m' Q" G. P# m9 o) y
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ V4 P$ X' B7 y$ H. ireport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the. H2 W+ G+ w" Z/ Y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( r; b; w) w- H5 C( O2 O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due* b3 ^1 \% A$ x% b
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& @* ?- v5 G# |  B
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 g) r& K' U, a0 m5 @' V! ~
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this1 z6 `8 T0 p& L/ |& W+ m
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
7 ^+ X% U5 G3 j3 ptestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
* c3 Y% c! e6 L4 K( I5 T4 h& j- |bly more common than the rare case report in the* |& z3 _  m( y; ]1 ^+ A
literature.4( M) ]) `: B, D  i) {' H5 ]3 p; W. Z  b
Patient Report0 \  {+ u/ R& @1 s% e7 v
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) G1 w' m' E; d9 _3 y* n7 m! Iendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 P, N: ^9 c, `of early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 q7 H5 n0 e: v( ?, t6 Y* K  Zlight colored pubic hair development when he was3 \* K4 k+ m3 e# Q. L
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of# t! b1 n2 k( [5 j4 `
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
9 h* C9 h4 l! e; IAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
$ a7 H$ N: G; z0 vProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 [4 b  W" o' ?7 I4 p  O
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) }/ ]5 p% K0 e$ Y
e-mail: [email protected].8 m4 @5 J5 M/ o! C0 N: k
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 T9 p! G$ `/ t
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, A& }+ ?3 r% X! f7 n) F
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child& C5 A1 u  ^. t' k4 F5 J
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% ^# k: x' @/ N5 P8 Va birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, Z7 }( a7 {9 Y7 W, s20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
: k3 ~, b$ l2 U4 U' `) F* mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
3 w0 F1 W1 K" W- w" t& asolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 T. x* H' H5 U2 V: @4 c4 fand his psychosocial and psychomotor development/ D3 w7 c, ]' k$ c+ s4 }) D$ X7 C' `
was age appropriate.7 U0 _! y3 e4 t+ O4 }& Q* y& }* [
The family history was remarkable for the father,
; Z. h8 e0 T/ O& E. w3 u( |: Nwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, z! j# o* F( n) L% x# u0 Lwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& z: L4 o  y: o& c4 u8 ~* z/ J
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
7 n% }$ D8 U# H) r% x1 Wearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
3 n; s) F# r6 IThe father denied taking any other medication. The
* g1 z- d" @' ]child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 V; B4 `% i- f1 A+ |' l9 `  {# w' p
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: E. N5 @5 m/ P: F- r) D5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 U9 f/ i! E& T
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-, M" L" M' F3 _2 o+ e2 S) j$ [) \% u
tives. There were no siblings.1 T1 r; {0 k/ A; N; c' {  U( e$ ]
Physical Examination
+ R. W9 U7 c5 k& f/ A: m" GThe physical examination revealed a very active,
( K1 d0 a/ }4 M% h6 n7 H8 \( D* _5 Jplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, h8 L8 `- ]# P* B
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 i* l1 O% C% u$ ]
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
; D6 E2 ]1 X5 b4 g5 h(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
$ S1 Y- V8 m5 z0 g6 v) H/ i6 Ovelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 ]& R/ h5 i+ M2 tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  f) P, N, n* {8 E! C7 P
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for& J; h4 \# Q8 g1 G$ [( z: w6 A
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 M9 Y) v7 d. i+ A! {# ^
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well2 R' e# J+ y+ B
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" ?& O3 B; W: T8 R) v% L
540
9 ^, `" ]. _2 j: m9 H% cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) y+ ?7 \0 n  a/ Y0 f4 B
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% l- h' |9 T  H$ ?. H
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
" \7 K9 l1 S7 Y/ }" s9 u* X$ PThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
: [) ?% Y5 C5 ioily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. q$ u- K. Y* O6 S; ?0 T. U) S
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.1 c6 y! W; G& V3 i
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 p9 H- Y1 w% h" r  R
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" [- [* g3 s* Vof papilledema.
- o# I9 P: T; M4 {6 J* KLaboratory Evaluation4 I2 Q9 s$ B7 e2 k1 t. S# i7 U
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by% z9 J( I2 o2 f& O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( H) P, n0 m6 O$ f  ~. M9 w
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal8 h! q  x" \# b0 ?* Q; T  v( w, A) x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
8 ~+ K" s# T+ n( d/ @showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% t2 Y) U4 u7 Y0 Rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; }/ W) q4 v4 x& w* u
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
5 b3 s8 }4 f- d: eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
8 b; _0 }/ z3 }  s* Awithin normal range for his age. The concentration
* Q" ~$ z# c  A) @8 V0 V/ mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 _% Y% _; Q/ S9 D
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ f% w6 P/ F: p
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& \' K  U9 d3 G1 H; I2 X5 z. Yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),  c" w, m. V/ o4 G/ T8 ?- I
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- p3 ]9 B" y2 \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)9 O* s% N6 [# j3 W2 }/ z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 z: P- a3 O2 I$ x* R$ rtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 r( k, [) d6 ]( ^, r: _testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# @0 D& X% ?$ @2 qand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than4 a& f& t# \0 Y. g) m' e. d
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# O" X5 M0 ]7 n1 tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ u: G; X' j( ^0 ^0 _, _6 {7 B
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL- Z' d; h' N0 x
(prepubertal).
% s6 _: R/ h9 X+ Y, M4 MThe parents were notified about the laboratory
& |* C% \. J) {/ M5 c+ \results and were informed that all of the tests were4 U. i7 `* _- g; _
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
) I+ Y1 s/ S$ K$ z+ cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 g+ o( C$ A  r$ D: F5 {" I
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-$ x; C' w% m& {5 I
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* @9 I' {, ]3 Y3 @9 ^+ ]! A3 x# ~5 \Physical examination at this time revealed that the
5 A. u. x+ i! U/ e2 O9 [: k8 ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
3 E1 o' P1 j1 U1 |  S1 P( N2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained6 ~* H) k3 _* T
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
: j. K, k  _1 ypletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
% Z8 l; L! n) v1 m+ e4 Zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2" x$ h# y1 [- ]; B! O4 V0 h
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 Z8 w! P- t: V' `
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& P5 g: y+ }) ving frequent erections./ j3 Z0 P4 ~/ p$ V  V0 J! O& a. F- G
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 Q; j6 }) n5 O# k0 ^
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 m$ _4 k( E, z" H8 i3 ]$ Y, ?/ dthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the: s1 H- U- v/ g
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; M$ h" ?; k0 c2 R& K; z* Z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
4 g8 W9 E) h  H8 |" A4 ling over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
9 ^8 c: }8 H9 ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
$ N' j' w3 }8 H; y$ \3 U- ?to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-# _2 d9 }1 E& `% `
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 l0 f7 `' ^0 q  ^6 d
secondary to depression.' _" ^, ~* T! f2 U% p9 B3 W/ C0 e
The child slept in the same bed with parents.1 E" [: Q8 s" c+ L
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
! J7 t* R5 t" r0 d, d, v% hchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% y( r! H6 G1 @- |/ ^nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: J5 l. z: I+ W- I. d3 bThe father also admitted that after the phone call,* v' F& x- [5 {# I4 P  @
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
( `% M+ v6 `4 q- Pwas high, he then read the product information
3 c* n2 ~  P- `. u- upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 ?* k1 s; i* v5 k/ }
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they! I1 r9 U: x- x/ M; h" h* s$ n- V
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the9 R. ?0 _8 k$ P! T( r' ^& w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
! G; k6 y, q& G  ^been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone) @9 L$ ?' z( P7 M! f
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the1 T+ F& v1 r: q: g5 [
laboratory to obtain the test., T/ g5 D. q3 J/ b3 `% C- e' X, o: ~
Discussion# v! D4 j" B; {
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% p% j/ a; ]: D' h: bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ F, I; n  |6 l# c* J
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: b0 H* R+ Q) \2 ]: Q" Y6 Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. z6 z2 ?( d% M, O; ~7 Y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ N2 W; o' L  U- O/ a. D+ S' @
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP7 J, Q4 m2 `4 Y4 I: K
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. O- U" n1 D9 L2 R
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
( C( x9 B7 D2 a+ o; ~0 Tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
1 C$ F* _1 y5 O$ Jsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
' G- o7 j1 \0 d/ b  c0 H2 Z5 Z* Bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ v- Y2 u/ e8 D# }8 U9 ~, C: gization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 }1 J/ m5 ~' ]* c. _- L4 Q/ k+ frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 e) |- L. b; e6 q
gonadotropins.1,30 C2 ]  W/ x/ q
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ ^4 v1 V6 y% scious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate9 v) Q" [# f. ^( {& f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' S; H) q$ Y/ j- A7 d- H1 l
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-6 `4 B! R' y/ l# f3 h( V
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing' ^: W( D4 A6 ^8 t& q
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
5 E$ H) G1 D* S0 k* q* ~adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious& i& L5 Q/ R+ E' s$ A/ P4 k, t1 J
puberty in boys.3,4
; P* S3 O# K# h1 \3 K  S8 oThe most common form of congenital adrenal3 m5 `3 U  C3 `+ a
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 P) U% V- z1 T/ n4 Y4 \
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- m' p% p% F: A; J$ A/ [; i
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 C) L& J" w7 S9 v9 [' van adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( Y! b# {  b- eexcess.1,3
( r- Y" a, X- @6 R: c) S. U1 Q, Dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! J0 E, i$ I# q8 r) y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20076 \, Y- _; a; ^+ n: @
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
  p" u& P6 [1 W/ i6 s7 C; Kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
4 Y. s: x2 l: n6 c1 e+ q6 e3 \' yas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; G( {3 V3 _) {+ F- i! T1 H
very young age. The physical findings in these boys; U+ p' J, m) Q
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
% k. f# n/ H( p7 U3 qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 a+ D8 ?$ r) s; }: Zwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
5 U# L4 O+ u& j1 W7 b  a- Care suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' e; I/ A7 a6 P0 a+ Qpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
  d- `( n% z  P; m6 @9 xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
& \& o  [, G1 W; d# \# `autosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 t2 X6 y7 B, O- d1 U. |
males; therefore, other male members of the family
- D$ {% q: k" D+ @7 W+ mmay have similar precocious puberty.3
# S6 Z! n( L  ?8 g- B  ?0 e! Q% gIn our patient, physical examination was incon-0 k7 P% h+ W4 m7 @
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
8 H" p% ?8 F' n  G4 acles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; p1 O: y% r6 G
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% F( p' _3 c1 C8 ?* H/ Z
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,9 [2 O! ]9 k' t9 u; p& r0 `
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
; \8 H, ]( U) qbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% p! B( e( y3 u6 x) A2 Z
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- ?: W' D- r8 |+ [biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 I) Y( u0 n1 Y/ l7 T  H$ ceither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
* r8 m; B9 j* [4 {% i3 J4 X0 \deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
; Z( w& S+ `) ^6 I% aing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# G  i* A1 {5 nThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* W3 w# q1 @; i' e& [suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because9 v( d8 L8 {; T' ~
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-- D+ a( Z) ?/ |2 I0 r% d7 E
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and! A7 Y; u3 _3 P( k+ V$ A4 r# A( R
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- s$ P$ e0 \6 t4 b# r; d
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 t1 C) U, w( c
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
3 b6 A. @  X: a  xDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or; ~) f: G, w: p& v1 g" _& q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) X* m4 L5 H0 }$ O2 F# k
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 ?. M, e/ g& h" ]  [$ [Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the- A+ Z4 g: q5 G6 k0 V2 L: y
baseline value in those females who were exposed to& Y  i% M0 Y7 x5 o0 t
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
2 g% p! _7 }& z& j1 c3 hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ `( g! O4 Y& y6 O# H9 M% T
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
  l% x; C# u9 Y) H; r$ FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
$ S  Q, E* o' y: P4 twhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that% r& s" P& K! l+ Z1 {! G
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* N% M! a' B2 J' i' o2 w# k( Jterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 _2 s6 Q2 F0 Tactive in young children exposed to testosterone8 K0 F# L+ H. c) T# v( i& ~% R
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-! i) {# e2 v- p& R! z' P
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- I2 q! n1 c+ O" `0 ]
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# L" W& ~0 R9 ~  Fchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and4 v. L& t8 C$ H: i$ X
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ C9 N0 N5 o# A5 r% P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during* z1 J3 m1 f# m5 R
early childhood on pubertal development and final8 @/ f( z5 V) |4 \9 ]3 |
adult height are not fully known and always remain
" N! M% ]' e0 Y5 p; v0 ~4 fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
, \: c7 c' }6 o& \5 Q; s# Mterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
( k9 L; O8 i+ b5 c7 Jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 _% T9 T# ]6 P9 n7 C$ V: c$ c6 hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* i2 l6 C7 Y4 U. ]decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9$ o7 v7 ~& _) v, i# k9 b
There are conflicting reports and controversy
( \% w. g% j# A0 N! Q( Uover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult0 `  n  E- y- U7 M3 K2 r
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) B- v7 G7 l# Z8 T# R- [9 y
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-9 O/ _, @2 r  `- }
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 p" q5 j0 O$ J8 YSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
4 \" b2 g. k' Y3 Zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ I8 p; m- _$ b* Z* s) ]
penile length in clinical studies.
3 z* U0 R- j0 B$ F# [# LNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% k6 J, e4 X0 v8 U+ y: T/ t& ~
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 l/ D% P9 S" N" Etestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because) ~+ C* q8 p' m6 s; m  I
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.5 c% g' d2 H+ }! p8 h. z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of& c2 ~# I3 @' Q7 S! ?2 S7 {
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, C( G1 h* @# O
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 J; Y2 s( i% `3 yheight will not be affected.& Z3 ]* ~7 y2 S3 p+ }" W& X/ P
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 _7 w3 w6 X9 d  L1 |% Z& Q* S
ability of androgen products in our society may5 M  S( c+ I) s) j, j/ V9 ^0 ~; M
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
7 X) K4 N$ r7 E8 R: o; Rchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 |" j; e* g! v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-& y% z. a7 Y$ i* H  j3 \3 @9 L
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
7 |; F0 X! N+ _/ Rgel should be asked of the family members during
" H; h# E. M' uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ H: V$ E& A3 n# ^0 ~
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& m* R% l" ]) @) U" znosis can be established by just a few tests and by( q. C3 A8 s2 D; [5 n
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a) g& }1 r* D' u% p3 y! q
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
9 Q( C6 y3 U+ iresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 \* N2 Y: f  k( I) t
investigation. The primary care physician should be
1 U3 j7 s" Q# z' g9 eaware of this fact, because most of these children
9 M7 f# \# s' y7 @. c" \may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
9 _  g0 h$ s8 o) xDesk Reference and package insert should also put a! R+ D+ R5 k3 K6 U- N
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 p! r/ C# A& E0 S' a" v
female child who might come in contact with some-
+ o' b3 b0 `3 N2 jone using any of these products.
; I1 z7 U2 ^3 D4 q) c3 g8 B1 y5 fReferences8 ?( n  ?8 [4 u4 B, W* z0 g
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation/ q( |: A% y; U" F. b
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) f& [( y& D$ D; I; l2 x
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 `& |' X, h2 b6 j, i1 i& J
2002: 565-628.
+ X& O9 o+ l' @; ?& H2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' N2 P  P% a5 Q: ?' W! w
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
) X& ]7 o/ v4 j+ R9 P; C% ^1 mBoy Induced by Indirect Topical( |" J; L+ y( t. N- c
Exposure to Testosterone
: s+ ~3 E) ]+ W+ ~4 Q9 ~' QSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 B% ]: g4 j. R# e/ U2 }- I
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1( k# S0 p1 h8 q
Clinical Pediatrics' Q1 O% ^3 P4 i& a* O
Volume 46 Number 6$ Y. B) e+ K' g) h
July 2007 540-543/ ?) d$ r  ?6 p* d
© 2007 Sage Publications
0 ^) `+ p2 Q* M3 s& o$ h10.1177/0009922806296651; E( `  C$ O! B$ W9 ]
http://clp.sagepub.com# [% r& ~" B8 r9 _
hosted at; p/ u6 X& v9 J2 V  U
http://online.sagepub.com
. q, m- I8 F" uPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- D/ V! u8 G  |, K# o! Cis a significant concern for physicians. Central8 h* _, x2 J% O* P) U
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 c: h, N0 w4 o9 }* T
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! [+ C8 h3 t: f  W" u4 Pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system: t. @" X) e: a$ ]/ f0 w7 y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ a2 Z4 ?9 Y" N* y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
# Z+ ]8 w- O3 I5 [/ q* qhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 I9 X0 u1 @  E) I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: u3 p5 I' X7 T! D7 ~# x5 Z! U" _report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- e, O" x  ]( t. V5 w7 N
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 `& ?3 s* J5 `3 Y1 m' Kment without testicular enlargement, which was due. l" D8 w8 m! |, s
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by2 k2 n8 S' C. O$ \
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 D) i; h, p3 T$ K. V6 _# j! ymation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& P( @* X8 ~' m) O9 v0 p
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 a4 g3 a, \5 I! i" G5 p; U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-5 v' h. v2 c) U+ [' C0 I
bly more common than the rare case report in the3 c3 ^: i2 K/ d; g5 P4 x% w
literature.4- v. ~8 i# R: G' ^2 x% v
Patient Report
# l9 L# |5 i1 ?/ uA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 C6 a/ c6 d5 D0 `$ tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern- c  b$ B4 n9 F- U
of early sexual development. His mother noticed% U1 l$ V5 v9 h* F1 C9 n
light colored pubic hair development when he was- {- F( _: C: \  O! j
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' I7 k2 P3 @6 j* U9 fSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.. e' J$ F3 J4 u# \, k7 @; N: s+ `
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  K. F" Q2 R) ?4 f, V" [Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 b+ {9 q5 V3 F& _2 I- x8 V
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 E$ {: t, e" ~) U+ ue-mail: [email protected].* e3 H% g9 F  |' `1 C3 P) _
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( {) u9 f" _% G4 ]7 ]( {4 Y) ~darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ q+ C2 K9 Y! w6 Yment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ n) Q+ {1 x* {0 U* C4 m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 z% p9 s4 @) z8 }& o! A1 Fa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
* c6 Z  x9 T/ U, E1 v' y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 u4 H7 k  K5 {4 Z$ W2 I( }9 ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. k3 n" O2 b& C4 w' Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 O; x) A9 r5 @0 b# k1 j/ j+ ?and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
! s" m4 |8 S! ?# o# [, Swas age appropriate.  H% E9 ~$ z' q% a9 ~6 Z
The family history was remarkable for the father,6 n6 X: F. x7 r% e6 e" n
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& R' U  b1 M- G( rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! n  v% M+ d- o2 n
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, E8 D/ X( ~/ d/ H4 b& X
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
: L4 U( K, i! f$ kThe father denied taking any other medication. The, B# Q+ e% \( U; \: f
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 T5 U5 v6 O- \5 R, z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, S( g) W1 z( n5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 E4 c/ X, `8 u: L2 mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 V  n$ ^3 X4 o" Rtives. There were no siblings.
! V( o0 Y, T, ~" n% zPhysical Examination6 E5 U% h% Y' w
The physical examination revealed a very active,: Y+ B* Z1 O$ q
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
# j' i! K1 y4 W( {3 La blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was( R; R  d/ ^6 |: `8 p# ^" Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 Y1 P  t2 I5 G9 g( B- b
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' J+ ]( A" Y9 ]' Cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: o# a, q( {$ E8 Sthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: b5 k6 v2 F. X! A3 ~& W% i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
9 a* I* y' e& J/ j) renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of  ^9 d7 f8 m# ~$ H  V  g$ Y1 A
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  k; N$ c3 l, K. u+ @& Rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
! W. X9 `( Y) b4 ]; |; B540
; z" ~3 y9 }1 w) Q  b  G0 ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. u/ {8 `9 u6 E! c
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% u* {( _* N5 @9 G  o6 v- L% y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 x  ^6 X# R" C1 T/ [7 CThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 H; ?1 W7 L. c. G: a2 l2 W. x1 Foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 }6 K- |( S" V; g' z; E
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
4 Z. O  L$ [( w& }: j6 [Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 |, w* A; A! ~' abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ E2 P8 ~+ w8 W8 B' ?# Pof papilledema.! r, e! q( R: {9 \/ |9 Y
Laboratory Evaluation2 l; @. I! F( j
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ q; F! q- |* E5 W/ H. q/ x8 A2 Nusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 @1 [3 W7 N4 J# h4 t* U) Y; jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal5 h: j: g; q% Q! ]5 d0 x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* t4 H; W4 }8 q# l9 m8 i' E
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 |0 L5 P3 ?& O" |& i) [
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
  x- E8 J) A2 _  ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( T9 _- P0 H# u* S9 @2 r
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 O9 j$ J2 C: }  c0 B, d( A+ B* Nwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 k; K& }2 z2 Wof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 B) I$ W2 N& b6 ?( Y' u(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20; h8 _6 k# d5 Z0 K
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
  C5 v3 I* Q, |+ H+ b: M: S  J$ @- xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) b; R3 ^- q  v0 H/ [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 u7 Q$ \" y+ h4 h0 _5 a
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)( K: Z/ o; s8 Y. \
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ L. \+ i$ j7 p% c2 u0 S  R5 Stisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. L8 {6 B3 ]: N: O8 }
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( g. N$ i2 t+ R4 ~+ Oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; x) R$ u0 t2 _& s7 t' f: v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& n; O: O2 r- I- ]4 v
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone) r# x4 c$ ]# ?# x* u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL  |: ]& j3 ~& J& v4 u+ R
(prepubertal).$ u' n8 {5 c1 j2 `' e0 g' D, T; \# v
The parents were notified about the laboratory
9 f' U, [! w, l0 O4 V; oresults and were informed that all of the tests were5 J% q8 N! C5 i/ P$ U. Q8 T
normal except the testosterone level was high. The2 D6 [. p" _) p& {
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 J$ X  a4 C' d  Q8 x4 ^obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# K- u* w5 x+ Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& j% m% n  ~& C6 mPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
2 l3 X" L0 L8 gchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ _. I0 t3 j! o  T: E# e( x
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
$ k: k7 F% s" cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( T- w% q2 `4 B- r  d2 hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 B3 Q- k3 g* x' q2 l' D; m) z
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
# f8 z' \1 ]' Y# u. r9 D: h! @; [mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; N: M& z( o5 f/ E' i$ _: t2 U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 x. O/ b& ~3 h% [3 S) @; d$ Cing frequent erections.
$ {4 X& j7 W. TBoth parents were again questioned about use of
3 I. K0 n' l7 D9 j# p; Cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to" h% A  f" z) J) D5 s
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' @/ P. S: }6 {7 F" |2 k3 H7 ^
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 R! p2 o( w$ f" {2 w: H- X: a
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 n) }" e' {7 [) e$ L0 |
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
+ ^+ T5 U+ h! S, T$ ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 d1 l1 ^# z7 g6 Y7 ?to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 p6 x8 O  o& d6 a' Fscribed by his family physician for decreased libido  {( P$ w# o8 o$ {5 q" X  i. h
secondary to depression.  J, f2 Y4 A: s8 D3 v- `" j6 _
The child slept in the same bed with parents.7 Z4 c  x+ o9 S5 h
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 o7 K! s$ L8 H( r) E" n! x
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& E& d+ y. h! B, I4 q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' P& _- x3 M" }( U; i8 ?
The father also admitted that after the phone call,3 n2 O& P# k  a$ A: j
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby  g) P; V& Z6 c3 ?! g$ E# u) c& i. a
was high, he then read the product information
7 v6 L+ i0 C  C  |& g! o5 opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ I+ ?1 ^5 ], m6 v+ N+ e5 n
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they& i$ R- D# ~, s4 z3 P
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 I* L- N1 }0 t  H2 E
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had) K* v; X8 D# d! |# m7 F
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" e5 W4 C; n+ @' q0 @
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. j4 w) H' I) r/ d5 c/ Jlaboratory to obtain the test.5 R3 P- Z9 |+ [0 m5 W" }
Discussion
% H* N' D: l: t* @2 hPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& |- A4 b$ X/ ~  Nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* h- A+ k6 i1 {+ ~: K: r' PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) Y8 R$ l2 Z' }$ Q% a6 ]# i  p
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-& c3 D; K6 B+ K: a" G
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( `. I  \) K9 \mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 c9 C: z& g' K% r# c1 ?! wmay have a central nervous system lesion that is7 E: V/ d1 E$ k4 x
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-4 q% N" `- V! o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
0 P/ P, a( l6 D% [  E4 Wsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in+ j) u9 E  s; Q6 F2 ]- w. S0 d
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
- O2 l$ h% C+ E% fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, u: u7 F' Z# l  `3 p/ n# e+ d
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- p, @' D* e7 \( ~5 igonadotropins.1,34 R& p' |6 o8 N; B
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 ]/ h8 V9 H! m8 z9 l) I  e
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate( P- X# f7 e  `2 `4 d" I
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* h$ S% h5 h$ U! y- kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: U# X1 x( D; W: hulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing! u" t, |/ ?  s; t
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive9 H) M& ~  V; U5 G4 d
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 w% I, R1 w, a3 W% K0 |
puberty in boys.3,4- S8 g& ^) E" l( U8 i9 H6 v
The most common form of congenital adrenal& d: l7 C0 Y) Q" j2 z$ Z( i5 N
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 \5 j4 u. ~/ O8 z0 l
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* h2 M0 i/ M% e- U1 r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 Z' W! o9 a( @& s( E- Ban adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
. x6 D0 B! J- ^. M& rexcess.1,3
" u7 B( a" H, a: yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ R3 r* i7 S9 h+ t+ C
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007. _8 p9 ]" A1 z/ f# }4 L
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ T+ d( k$ J$ w6 T% {, f9 q; b
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 s6 w6 i$ G  Has testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 {& O/ t7 {/ j3 ]" j' s& T. W% vvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 ?4 T7 `# Z7 |with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 p1 @( E* C' Q8 L8 Y" oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" {; d) t$ q' ?  g
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# h4 r$ V. P2 o* i  u8 a
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! u0 p  H/ {! H) g3 U
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 h: i; n8 U8 _& m1 w( r
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) T4 t; ]3 \: W( T5 ~8 v; Z6 P) g5 ?autosomal dominant disorder that affects only: b+ R. O' ^; U/ m0 f- m
males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 ?0 q; I( q  u  {5 U7 Lmay have similar precocious puberty.3, e( L8 ], v" Z8 d( M
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
  m: n- r/ H6 X! r, \* g) Osistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-" o' o6 ^4 q% E/ b5 g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& U4 E) S) F! M+ @5 J* ?
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 ?4 }6 u# b7 d' x- f4 Tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 q3 o) V3 D. Y4 M. Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
* P; a- ^/ i- j2 R3 Pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* H- a3 V% t/ i" p$ F& r: qative initial history of androgen exposure, our
1 B! Y. a( i6 f0 n. F1 J' \biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,  ?; S6 k0 p6 H4 V& R, o  O. r  l
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
: K( W" ~" [5 Pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- z6 |$ t; h" }# l; A: U- Ging the normal level of adrenal steroids.0 ^3 ?- W- F2 J  B. i; h; B/ h: {
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 ~! K7 j" Y5 n+ p' [
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
% _7 Q2 ~' n1 b# {the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 d; j& G3 x, S6 X
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
$ p2 i2 S. n8 V, I$ B. Edecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: e# B. i1 F, G: N( C
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 ?2 T: ^1 ?7 v0 {- Kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- O$ y' L6 B/ ~5 U* @" C" E
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or' ^1 h7 R8 L) y5 ~% ]2 u
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 c9 A3 ~- L' L, `0 f) i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.& d( \% n: i- W' }8 p
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
  x# y( T4 i7 i, ?9 U. sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to3 y% s1 t0 V: U# R
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: e" A( h. t" T: t
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 G- v( W+ o/ ?# a3 T% C3 Q) h, ]$ S+ ytion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ L) d( j+ X! Q: t9 TOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,' U3 a9 q- x8 g9 i
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that1 ~0 t' K1 |, G; v* U
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-. R( I" M9 v: P, F5 f" |
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# G0 X% f) }. j; z
active in young children exposed to testosterone& }1 \3 Y" y+ f. T
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- m" S7 h+ [8 s: D. B# U3 |, Ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, S; l$ @$ |! ~" f7 u. B  Jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; b) E  l2 V* Y/ Cchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 o$ O, S  q3 T5 G& [* w" {) Jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.: O$ _3 V8 N  Q- _, w8 ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! V( j9 u$ b2 ]" kearly childhood on pubertal development and final
1 A& e3 a3 t. O. D: g( |adult height are not fully known and always remain
* m* Z" e6 @, h. Y2 B3 V7 Fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-8 ]- s+ o8 V1 n# A& b: S: m
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ b2 j) |% I! }6 G$ A: u$ t$ Yacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* I- X' y" p0 @& W, Bcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
8 Z" A7 I6 @# U# M# }+ Xdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: x: u2 \% i* H. DThere are conflicting reports and controversy$ f, U! v- A! t) Z! q
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 @6 H% m9 \6 Mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& s! N6 o- @8 W+ X8 {& S: h/ ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
6 O0 ]; z% f4 C: T- |3 _% rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
: n$ p/ y8 e4 P3 P3 L7 sSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 }3 A7 @$ ~4 ^. A
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult4 \5 s/ y; y9 y& z0 [
penile length in clinical studies.
7 k" I8 [# ]) r( M7 O' NNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' _' p( c8 k4 t- @) J8 N
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' l: d# C( S0 O$ ?7 i1 j) m. O3 @
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% y6 f$ Z9 L0 {* Tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.1 _8 R4 ~0 x% K4 h
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
" B: w: e! ^- m& W3 h: n0 fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at5 v4 R, ?9 i* l+ A
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% M8 Y: S6 G6 J- H, A5 X
height will not be affected.
( d% V+ b. A" L  E* yAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-  K; J9 N  g9 Y  r  t9 }3 Z$ P0 {7 G
ability of androgen products in our society may+ R6 V7 F0 W* p! u- E9 |7 |9 K( {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female% L3 g( v! j5 a, l# Z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* u+ y; K9 q+ }gen products must be considered and specific ques-$ W  Z% I9 f" r7 a6 {& m
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 k( l, L6 ^- C, _- q/ |gel should be asked of the family members during
5 k7 D! z+ r7 Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! A, p' {2 X1 w  `  ^+ Gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- k; @; ^. {& A7 [/ w2 }nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: a  @( P! M  X- Z9 Vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
  q1 W3 {- f) ]7 `8 M2 U/ N+ fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
, @8 E* ?, d2 Cresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ h" N9 C0 m# y0 y' x3 dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be6 p  ]% Y% a) R& v; c" {
aware of this fact, because most of these children+ d" v# b: b. Z: u
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- m# ^$ b- |6 q. TDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
. t/ v* |/ X) @5 x( E5 ?5 vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or! o* X( H: d% j9 O9 h0 g  V
female child who might come in contact with some-
% ]# {9 l& q, S& |one using any of these products.5 x% w4 q+ Z- {3 n/ F1 V
References
/ j6 ]. `2 T3 D* m+ ^  m' `1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& |9 d) B0 L  v' s4 fand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% E( A( o+ P* ?$ v' s, r2 a" _
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ \& h; i' W- ~* w2 F. @
2002: 565-628.! e8 A- w' v! @
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 t; L! d1 ^% A* |. ?" n6 i" j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

2 M: Q) v& p! s; I( Q# n' ]精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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