- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
+ l4 q4 z4 \. OBoy Induced by Indirect Topical1 [( U/ B a3 ?, K# i
Exposure to Testosterone
0 q6 l0 x5 {' l- A! F. mSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 p: m& S z" F# t H
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ Q+ [2 g$ _( `& F# d
Clinical Pediatrics
4 ?" f8 L. Z; ]: o# ` p1 x0 gVolume 46 Number 6: B G O u/ Q$ J) B
July 2007 540-543
6 v% C/ s3 @' a7 t# R© 2007 Sage Publications2 U. ^ X/ y$ X& n* y! x
10.1177/0009922806296651
9 U( V/ {7 o+ W* ]http://clp.sagepub.com, P! q6 }2 w" _: H9 s5 @, u
hosted at6 `- Q h4 }! q* q6 y5 t0 w
http://online.sagepub.com4 y. f# I1 p) X" S2 g7 U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral, z" a' w- E, O n# H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
& b+ _$ w3 V2 n& X6 P q" S3 bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 T' X2 y# ~ ]% m
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has3 h6 [% ]% g- [* y- ~
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
z. @7 z( }0 R% v' W2 t! ~lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ P- j% N! s$ P. d8 b( F" u
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 l" X9 t2 V9 N: c, G5 j9 ~. bhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 F2 Y$ K, F9 X; Y& a( P qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# d& O8 w( u6 I7 F4 y w9 kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
8 L+ k5 I5 J: e+ C4 senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: F$ ~8 C+ C* T7 W7 J1 j2 i
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" ]8 Z( X: R0 Y: g& c- dto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ n' O- X; }- x P/ [
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: T+ k% d1 G0 a! \mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; x$ ~. V' o) q' b
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of, ]+ F' N2 a4 y) }4 q
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' w$ R5 M/ s- f7 C4 {' m. l9 ]bly more common than the rare case report in the8 n8 \* b2 j) V
literature.4+ X. b- p% y! Y3 O0 a, o. L
Patient Report" {% O" b* B" X, x
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ i/ s7 X' `* b
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 `3 y+ S- w+ \. N0 gof early sexual development. His mother noticed0 F z" Z5 H- l; Y3 M. n3 S- D
light colored pubic hair development when he was
6 Y' |. |# t8 M4 R1 U9 ?& W6 L- }3 uFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 r+ u1 F7 ^9 w+ ?' h1 [' v
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' y8 w8 R) n7 L, o! o8 d0 H5 h2 w$ B8 I
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 D v; Z5 Y+ P
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ q/ J; g% y' b Q- w2 d" Z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 n) ^6 {0 O! ]& u3 J& ` J
e-mail: [email protected].3 m. S; t. F! d8 F2 h3 L
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 n7 Y) Y+ z2 x, k D4 Ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 A6 g+ p$ O0 p5 W" n# Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! a6 Z; M, o2 P# r$ t, w( P% Gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with; H3 F. q: r3 z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of# n$ N* B6 `; `- O6 m! y
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
2 j' L# x' z) D8 Q/ H) o- zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
; s4 {3 {5 {' {3 e0 jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
5 _) @* u c2 [6 L5 w& t) S- Q5 @) ^and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 [ n6 a0 ~; Z# N
was age appropriate.
) [0 n9 p- [. s8 L. mThe family history was remarkable for the father,% ]4 q# h. Q, R" m, P# S' p
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 }2 n, B* e9 N3 w- V& xwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! u* y$ B" J) w+ a' d
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
$ N1 O3 S, D* Cearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 x5 G0 y' ?3 I3 a+ n0 ]The father denied taking any other medication. The3 }% @7 S1 F/ x, w0 r7 W {: S
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. A0 G# D& t \. q s! d, p: ^
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 X9 Y- |* D8 s8 R' E
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" T: @+ w& S! k- |& C8 hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 J9 l; L1 d1 ^tives. There were no siblings.( q7 @; N/ k2 v: ^4 D) \
Physical Examination
1 F* p+ j8 a5 |5 g. aThe physical examination revealed a very active,
3 r. O+ T+ d2 I/ \8 [5 N$ |playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* T/ t. F S- `1 W8 Z8 l( L* Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# B0 n9 A; e" {& b- h R90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. G3 Z8 @2 f/ W. U. G8 O$ ]
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 s3 c2 O" N! n2 ]8 J; a7 c+ u0 S
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 ^, Q! A7 ?! l- t+ Ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 n6 T2 m [9 X% b8 q# j
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 G( g) K8 n" b" v# u9 s; wenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
$ @- [) o$ Y1 L( {- G8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 W2 G8 O% _3 H
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ h. Z8 q! d7 G" X, _540
/ _ V5 Q+ [- z: o+ w6 T2 T* t Pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 e. C$ u, ?, u$ ]& \the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 K: z, ~# I% p. b. ?! i- Qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& _7 {0 j; E; Z: q7 g! J6 S9 k
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 i# B/ I2 C* r+ [ B W- aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no9 d. \6 c# P% Z5 y9 X( ?
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
: X2 u" ]; I4 L- BNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+* a1 L. ?: P" U2 Z, ]
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" M, H9 b/ _4 T; s/ Cof papilledema.1 A; W# v. Z; r
Laboratory Evaluation6 _1 H! {$ q4 S- q# O* q
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 v; F W: f; G% }& E6 ]4 kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-& ~$ V4 r, ^1 `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' Q1 T2 Q) r2 L* W! x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# E& d! l8 Z7 }- ]6 w9 _
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 ~7 g( ?; }% G: B% }8 J# _lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 }/ l: k/ ~1 E0 X9 G
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood) J4 y$ x3 O7 E% Y
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 Z8 w) H0 M% C( b; w" [. kwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
: u% T( Z; f q' Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 \5 D5 h, l* ~, I$ E( a(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 z$ n# }; q* {. H! D1 @4 Y7 x' Fng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; N! C' P8 T6 [) Yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 R' q3 r. N0 k" @
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, s8 e% \1 S0 V/ F6 n# z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; _: `) F+ r, |. l: w+ Hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
, d& ^- J* M2 @# ]9 Utisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ ?0 a: w' ~2 ytestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 P$ v# r9 k+ m" Dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
$ f# P! F6 {. |6 O5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 a$ m: ^# L4 g* |7 I, [
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 v: b2 T( X1 ^% F9 T7 t( {: @: ]concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; b7 F( D; F& J0 e(prepubertal).
. G& }# ]! P, m; x% PThe parents were notified about the laboratory' q/ \7 M3 R8 G- w6 p4 x% ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were
, e: k' J. F; Ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 U, B X1 g& Y" \/ wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' L1 M: I) r9 H% o6 o m
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! c; L O: P. |+ wever, the family did not return for 4 months.- H( k* O8 m- i( H9 H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
/ Y$ h t- U" ], z, ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& Y! o; X* f7 e8 n& F7 l2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained- Z6 o: @ J" r" o0 n N
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, D; L0 V! g9 D
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. x/ d1 O; j! Q/ J# O" U) @! s
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. Q6 j+ G2 z& e! v) b
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
; T9 H0 r; p; LThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-# h# L3 T- e2 } H1 I2 _7 O0 X8 b* D l' i
ing frequent erections.- U( f: k% v0 x
Both parents were again questioned about use of
; K Z( W Y& t1 sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 f* T S1 q0 ]# P, f' {, m
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 `0 g( `3 `) H1 j# }$ LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! r, j4 P: a4 M( |; q' B5 ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! @) J$ G- s K7 P; h' aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- U4 ]5 u L# a& w5 X8 A' o
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 E& _" ?& r2 {- ] b. G: rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 \# E* l3 m7 ^1 L& e* ~
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* G- h' x6 k( p9 n
secondary to depression.1 S8 W" |+ m, E! E
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 k) v- u5 r. Q0 CThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his& U- R$ L% C- ^
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* `4 _% r) j3 x, A0 Y. `nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; C* _/ b7 s( y- Y1 V( q0 sThe father also admitted that after the phone call," P. J: m- @; r
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby H, X& O, w5 e4 ^
was high, he then read the product information5 d$ m7 S6 G K" ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ f1 M( g" s3 Q4 a$ m
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they* c* ~0 h; _. D+ z- D2 Q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 _4 _% D% M5 N* [father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 x1 }/ O3 z+ \
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 J Q. F& ]$ v! [" t7 xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- }5 u& ?4 ?6 w: C' tlaboratory to obtain the test.
: r, S* [! h' h! J9 wDiscussion
, x6 N5 v! i% X- @0 B/ G6 `Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) d9 `( H4 w c, V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 q/ E; S8 S4 r5 q5 TPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; \; `- Z( U' z4 ~7 g' dit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) q m! o, v+ P1 E4 b3 lthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& j1 _& k8 z7 O' [- r y# cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP3 K1 K9 \# R; x
may have a central nervous system lesion that is1 |2 @/ A' j. r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; b ~6 W* O' g6 v2 d; i* o. o- U
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 Y* z+ h5 ]( q( T; x
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 I0 ]1 a3 T i! u& m; r* [; Rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
- s9 [+ f Y; r0 h% Fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- r* V3 y5 ^/ C. t2 x2 |9 J
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% P; W- [# Q+ _
gonadotropins.1,3
) P' ^ x! r- |) H- ^Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( V# I3 ]% a6 g% j9 ?3 P2 C$ s8 \* Gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
+ ?4 c! L2 M$ L1 g9 Dandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 A- r6 V9 @$ E* N
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 |9 `/ \+ ~- P% p) ]! i7 X4 I' X6 _% lulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing- S9 ?" Q% n# E% C% i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- G$ g6 f" \/ Y" Uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
V: K1 ^4 N) c: Jpuberty in boys.3,4
! L3 U8 w8 Y+ D& ^& m2 ?The most common form of congenital adrenal
1 c" d, N+ {+ {* hhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& C K7 i% t$ [, O$ P* ]
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* A' y- w! h1 Z( z' f) ]
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
# J# H( U% j+ n0 ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' p3 x; N! w- h; G7 Qexcess.1,3
' b8 u; B' e1 M3 b- k% o0 Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( Q6 l/ u r- e5 D542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& x. H& [2 J) f, o+ g" pA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" h# f, R5 M; S" S* Xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
. e/ z Y# W2 r3 Xas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, V' ]$ H m: ~+ Z* S, m. @3 ^very young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 h: ~4 J7 d6 ^/ A& Q. \with this disorder are full pubertal development,% _+ x, r0 k1 ?
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. C% l" u- a! {: e" Lwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" N. C5 N4 l5 U# e5 T: j* C0 U, b
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
1 [- s' g2 _ w" Xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; M' @" U: x0 f- I4 M$ D4 V% V
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
, r' ^( C, h3 l8 u" y. A8 Bautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& C4 I- Z+ F6 _+ ?+ Gmales; therefore, other male members of the family8 T5 b2 a7 Y [6 ]* |7 U
may have similar precocious puberty.3! O7 Z' ^7 U s* a& H* j
In our patient, physical examination was incon-. M$ |/ w0 }1 N4 I. I, |2 ?5 D
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
) \! E3 c, l' O" f5 Gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- {/ f& C S( Q3 I7 S
was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 l4 {5 o# ~5 V
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 H9 B# ^/ Z$ g) }; }6 Utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
% f+ Z$ k' G2 Kbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-; }7 m6 T5 o; Z H+ g
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our; d) |% F6 ^1 g' L" @2 Z/ I
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
6 ]) M2 ?2 S- d1 V; Heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ A- A6 c/ {2 e0 L1 F3 Hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ _; r4 _$ S. U' R* A' L; T& E
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
; }; Q& P* a5 p4 C7 KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 Q! _2 \% ^- k* l6 T5 r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 w9 }0 e( Z1 ]( ]6 ], Wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-2 P4 T# C# a0 l# |% s* W5 ?1 K6 w
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" O7 \* Z! d6 [! R6 ?) O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. \8 B6 a) `' m& o) m3 w# ?/ C6 G' p( iterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& W$ j/ i6 ~) A3 }7 y, P
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 m; U* d4 ]2 [, _2 c4 { F7 L x3 JDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" p- _6 }! y2 O8 |' ^8 I9 p+ bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 y0 S# F8 d! u3 y7 |8 hunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ Q2 y( w2 J, vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
! K7 z6 t% q2 r4 X! sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 F% N6 f8 u0 X% Zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 U' N/ W( B& S0 Q3 ]
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ H3 e4 i, A( l& ?. a5 N8 |' P
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. `# V/ w- G: _4 W2 U% SOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 R+ |% h( i: X+ E5 K2 K. C& _which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that s$ J7 |$ A; c; ^' n: K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
5 C. q. z. j+ v3 d$ q0 }: J: ?9 Jterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; H3 B, o0 {: E' Kactive in young children exposed to testosterone2 I/ B% O% a z, N3 ]0 l1 z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
. l+ R; J! V1 k7 Z5 Pdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to6 e: e: Z* _4 U$ R/ A& e0 d
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in8 H2 A% v3 Z3 f( ~7 f. D
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
' B( y0 s1 T0 G/ z9 Kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ w% o4 {. s4 U- \The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
" _% |: j& \7 x. Aearly childhood on pubertal development and final* U' Z8 w+ B. N
adult height are not fully known and always remain
( O& B# Z- o; m) H- Fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- X' O+ e% E( a6 j; k x) K
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& |% C, \" m: `
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ J+ y0 w( k% ?, u5 ]cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 J2 C ?& R. D7 ?- h. G6 m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, G c: M" ]0 I4 m. ^) y7 j4 p
There are conflicting reports and controversy; G2 U$ U5 u/ [' o, T0 v
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 T8 B; C V0 L3 a9 upenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, G* C' X5 Q9 Oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
x$ \6 I$ d- r& J0 c9 mulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 V) R8 i+ F3 P: B7 nSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: V1 ~+ i- w& l \childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 u; X9 h8 }9 J5 Apenile length in clinical studies.
0 I' b) Q" O- x ~Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) j7 ~- X5 g( b# R- Rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 O$ _' _, {$ h' U8 ?, a, g
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ h2 A3 q9 V+ f$ n1 ]4 lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. ~! G8 A6 ]9 C
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of& d5 o$ e/ ^! N$ q0 s& ?
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; h' \, `8 a* O0 p1 {. [8 O
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 h) I5 H, k% l& E7 R0 t
height will not be affected.
4 F( J5 D' c. V& T. C& L1 @Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& Q( F: A1 N5 c& Y% g1 U
ability of androgen products in our society may9 u- v% L5 m3 u D
indeed cause more virilization in male or female, B) @3 e) x! [1 n- u& f3 G/ {# a e
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-1 y( T3 W; A! P: e: E6 ^, v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-7 p5 p3 p# K- C3 _) x5 E
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( t6 N) [6 ^) w! [; E) n$ Bgel should be asked of the family members during$ G# Q' k' o" }0 Y7 J- W/ N! ^
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ k% g# w- m G6 Z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% y D* x8 a7 J# S; D! K
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by; j4 @- P; J; O. y( R# t
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a5 f( _ Q" e0 O
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) B2 r5 {2 T, l$ J2 ~& tresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
. @3 _+ l8 v2 C! D+ `8 `& Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be
4 M/ T7 f- L! k. G" O6 Yaware of this fact, because most of these children8 v' [ h0 [; b9 h; |+ w
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
& ^, R5 \8 F# Z' ~! uDesk Reference and package insert should also put a- k- x) W. B& s _/ x2 C
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or# p; Z$ T9 J" }# X
female child who might come in contact with some-9 O, K; t, F) y! _# u
one using any of these products. T( p* D0 g2 c' R' V
References
* G' v3 T7 H# Y5 {" Z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' H2 z! c( b m' m- n) y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ T/ r& B8 U4 I+ F% a
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
L& o6 u* a( u& @% \2002: 565-628.! Z6 W1 ]8 ^" y, x4 l$ U: K/ d! O9 M
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious v# e& x% _! `5 k0 ]! j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|