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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* v9 I" Q& D! U, o5 WBoy Induced by Indirect Topical6 r* [6 }: U" j5 W
Exposure to Testosterone. w- l0 `, i% I7 \/ J
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 _. I* d9 I+ N4 j' p& i, K$ g0 h3 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ s1 `9 L% i- f! v( M1 U
Clinical Pediatrics2 i9 a* k$ ]! ?9 [) |
Volume 46 Number 6' Z. r9 r g1 Y" R, N I4 b5 Z* f; M
July 2007 540-543
# j5 V' t3 l) a/ |2 R/ b" X" a© 2007 Sage Publications: K. j8 D: N% Z' Z% f
10.1177/00099228062966515 J3 u) q5 q2 w0 p
http://clp.sagepub.com
; s9 [- ], o" l7 ?" f* H; Qhosted at
6 H. V$ o2 Q2 khttp://online.sagepub.com8 C" w" @4 n' p% _* Y1 @( z+ i4 Z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
, J2 m) `+ w& l( ]; \$ mis a significant concern for physicians. Central
X, d8 ~6 e3 \/ F4 i# iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 W' x" w6 f, C' @1 A6 wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has) G0 ^; ^: y2 M$ f
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 g) h4 M* _# H* H: @$ G+ n
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& b7 x( p1 m4 r; \$ ?# mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 u, l. h' Z2 d$ i% e2 s
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ D, | M6 k% F9 u$ F9 ]' {6 x
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& u/ R6 w2 K) e/ ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ L! G6 F4 a8 w# Z1 S1 G9 g0 U! j
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 V% P5 _- |3 d) D$ F
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- i7 ?5 C$ ]! N" n3 j* n
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
( E5 i n8 o$ o3 wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ B+ Y9 a. z* E4 A6 ?0 q1 s
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; }0 t% y9 i: \/ o
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 w+ ^6 c9 o( g& G% _- ~$ ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* s, |# J" T% R# P" u; \. }' M
bly more common than the rare case report in the
$ e5 Z( q( i) ~; p- n: Dliterature.45 [, }2 L& v+ Y& C8 o5 _
Patient Report) A! n4 { L! F8 a" r+ J [: e: P
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
% Q3 I8 u& X" w' sendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. q# t; p p1 t( a" jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ n" N. j; h6 jlight colored pubic hair development when he was
9 c) L1 Q2 @5 p, d( d: VFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 ^ x3 ?7 N c+ z- w m Z' y5 MSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' h* }9 U5 Y- u# o1 W8 P D3 w: y/ MAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 E% ]+ i9 Z* {4 y/ \$ ^+ c
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 v) [0 }7 n2 n4 J& p! c7 A6 a1 ] D
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 t* J$ V) {7 t5 de-mail: [email protected].( t" A& w, l W0 R: D
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* l T6 ?. t' o* _9 K
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: a% V; [* [( ^9 e: s- iment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ Q- v( L, o9 {$ `. q! W3 pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% e% m) f9 |' `1 L6 n/ v) qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, b) j/ s$ f. U6 V7 R5 f. |20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 J2 v) _, `3 k- bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. O! x: _& k4 v; [+ X8 G( Jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 s/ o( J$ c* f% h, v* Cand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 D H( V0 F" A5 U& _7 mwas age appropriate.
- @9 D; Q$ a* @3 d" MThe family history was remarkable for the father,3 @9 ^" i' r2 ^7 q7 I( ^0 W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( a5 w2 s9 x% W v, K5 E
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s, q4 v# k8 ~* P* W$ \
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ b9 E. ~/ y, p% R. r: C
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& r3 e e* d: m! Q% v3 [7 }4 l
The father denied taking any other medication. The
0 C2 g8 Y) k- G4 E2 {. nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ M" _/ d# b9 j) {8 ^3 J; Z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ l& a. o2 j. a0 a: |* r- Q9 |. C5 ~
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 G8 k# H, n s0 L+ x& Y! Vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% O7 E) N4 f. Y: ^! }
tives. There were no siblings.& d) c% k6 g9 }* E
Physical Examination1 r' Q; l9 ^* y2 d) m5 f t
The physical examination revealed a very active,
# Y# ~0 j' W" i g: s) m, rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented E4 b4 \6 N6 g. Z6 M* o K
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ B' O# m/ p4 `* {3 v e
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg3 D: f% ~0 q% p" H5 a& r
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 ]1 ^2 K8 _: a/ J) Wvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of! T' J! I9 B5 [" K- `
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement. Z5 H1 `; P2 C4 J
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 r. | q! w5 {1 x* J# fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ l6 ]/ C% j" N# O4 `, N, g# a8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& S" } P, S! L" m7 f# @developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# W7 p. I, i/ K/ f540
! {, A6 n# y% i& W- K) k, A; Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 k$ A% [+ `( M& z4 b
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ F% z+ |+ C+ \6 c: C8 W" v9 ~1 G Ktesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 Q( V6 R X% f; O; @The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: Z9 [- C1 h, K" l3 \
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no- }# ^+ w# b6 o. {4 z [
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# d/ F1 g/ q- f/ l) s- d; u
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& P" { s0 u2 t1 f$ r8 ^- [. ?) s0 P8 k
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion' E, P6 Q( ]& ^. c
of papilledema.
5 }7 W+ z3 W9 r; {Laboratory Evaluation
; _& K) n% G* U9 `The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; a! g- `! W9 n8 T* E, tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 q6 `2 R* F$ _ p' O" z4 o7 Hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 Q5 ^6 X+ ^ vkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& U$ Q4 K) ~6 o* U, i- A
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ _% }' I# c) k$ R& o( s0 `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 t2 t* R, D& u5 K. Y4 H9 [' q& k1 R0 x
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% }0 x# [# J5 d& c( d5 uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 U5 e6 c; e# C) x m
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% O7 e7 e! y& C3 J7 D: Tof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- N1 ?- }: l: q7 G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 Z2 t7 p; ~ ^3 y4 F+ I6 O
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- [6 v6 u9 m' ~) Sterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% z7 j$ ?6 q. `5 udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* }, i A+ G' M B1 J7 }49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: `+ B/ H) l/ ?- Ewas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% X8 Q$ y5 v" b( \7 |+ W6 B
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& }3 e3 W; U7 i7 R
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& d/ d t/ h, j( E( M l. ]
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 X. O, n' l6 {3 i( k( Y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, u* R. `* V3 {stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
6 f# I5 y- y4 j4 O: K! t6 K& gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' m* r8 s! s, Y ?4 _1 \(prepubertal).
' _: Q9 A; B) K7 u3 wThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 u) ]) Y& ]$ j2 jresults and were informed that all of the tests were4 A( Z: G3 k- i! U7 D0 [$ ?( ?
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 D0 q% `) J" ^; h! lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
. n1 V( ?, s- L* h3 m: j5 t7 J; W+ bobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
1 A2 d) c8 r- n2 j8 N6 Zever, the family did not return for 4 months./ ~) k; h7 c( G: ]( m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- E7 G' {* v1 _6 n r
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 D" G. O' W; q3 P" r
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 N# |* ?9 D) M V5 E: qunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 R1 \) t2 E3 Z$ {3 F+ h6 f. l7 _
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- b' T/ m8 U X; }, T# w
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, R6 P: N e' i0 a+ m+ n
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! Q( h; Y; F' I3 R% @0 q; _The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; ?5 K9 @* v" m6 G) ?
ing frequent erections.
5 x) c( F* A# l+ t; Y7 o2 s) F) NBoth parents were again questioned about use of
- k' ]9 [1 z3 F# f: ^+ Z1 M2 fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 c- Z4 ~: j1 W: v; I
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ E, N0 _2 n# ]5 wTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 b) Z' X& w; k' Vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ x& B6 } K) m) Fing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ |1 C- ^1 L3 `* y `- F
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
" X' l" W6 L m9 Wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* N1 Z6 A$ |5 Q' l/ ~
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 w2 b" |/ O! `secondary to depression./ i5 q2 |! j1 S. j0 F; V4 L
The child slept in the same bed with parents., }2 Y7 ~& Y! G4 C, V9 f
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 h# T/ n- s/ n2 d* l4 }/ F5 Achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ S: |% e! J& |) M/ B
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% C4 P% c! a" W2 Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 `8 B. p# o: J% M) g xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 _# }9 b; B9 v% Ewas high, he then read the product information2 t: E2 H" B2 c v; s( Q! G% d
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' E8 _7 |$ m2 R1 H7 u; d
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 Y# e }0 N! b( v8 F& zdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 Q# T1 B0 T3 O7 m+ {3 `/ r
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 o; M# c' w) J! |6 ~been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 O( t1 k8 v' {& |7 ttest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ x) ~/ A1 V! i; zlaboratory to obtain the test.
& t$ o# B0 _+ X% \1 q& \( ADiscussion4 ~3 \: o, M( ~0 k8 P. D
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
7 j! \, R. f# m7 X. ~sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. w: ~# V2 j' T1 s @Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 D, l' N3 z' ?4 X: D2 r( i" Pit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( `- K2 u3 L8 C/ |5 d' Dthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-! ?8 _* e. J2 q$ R
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 z$ z8 V6 C, I6 T
may have a central nervous system lesion that is) J" j! B* V# p
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
) m. D6 O2 F# Q; f: M2 }amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ Q1 e3 `6 B9 M/ ^- Q, v5 J! g. Y* o$ ~sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 J- i# r8 a6 f$ O/ P7 \" p ?6 ]boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& Z/ s' E' f& p# ~ e0 Z
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-* Z; w$ K% {3 y! w3 j w( A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 K* j* H. A/ F) t( V! l' L2 O
gonadotropins.1,3
% l; @$ Z( V" `Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 }" ^2 w/ F- L" w# l1 L
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" z) y5 U' u. g' p9 wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 ~1 `- ^8 A" h3 d
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-8 b- c) W+ a! L. n Q4 }
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 J: c1 P) e! i/ T
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive' x& v* T b8 B1 G
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) w. m0 w5 q6 U7 J
puberty in boys.3,4
9 y3 G- [* J5 `3 FThe most common form of congenital adrenal
8 j4 R) e. s d# }, b: O0 n3 x6 Q$ ehyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 [1 L. N+ Q5 X% s) qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
- R% R% o( a/ Qexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# R3 \: \3 S8 `
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen9 m1 A5 {" z" Z- W/ v9 G
excess.1,3
) g, ?% `0 W$ ?$ v0 Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# s- ?& E4 }3 z6 K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 D3 z! b1 V/ ?4 U/ [8 LA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" ]5 B6 N; _; b* `0 O, e5 H' }independent precocious puberty, which is also known2 b3 O( i' {6 M* Z u# F+ f
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
0 S$ u, E3 ?1 z9 Avery young age. The physical findings in these boys7 Q8 o4 R, a! v' l# ^% e v
with this disorder are full pubertal development,8 q. S* ?/ e7 C: Z" S! [( {/ ^
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys! M8 N" d8 |9 B6 r P: L% s
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, l5 p* Q0 `0 q. F, z9 _! r3 {are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; B! q. X _0 }! M3 X5 y) npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ C3 ~: v, A1 ~6 U6 [2 e0 f) K5 |
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 y3 R' n4 X7 n% n6 Y$ S: u. Yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, @! P# D4 l" V9 s. I E; Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family4 B# D b$ C8 {6 [; j8 Q* U
may have similar precocious puberty.3
; ^# F1 l/ U9 v4 W3 S) \In our patient, physical examination was incon-
. v( w. _' M- b1 s, ~: zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* y8 X) d' F$ \3 H
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis+ E" d- B) C' w- }6 U) U
was in the differential diagnosis because his father5 P/ u5 j% n( a
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
: R# p8 j/ W' Z- U4 D; ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ i* d3 k5 d+ o9 d% B0 s$ [
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( F4 H! v/ @6 E- _! W/ w6 dative initial history of androgen exposure, our& I/ W( }7 |2 b+ R Y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; K+ U% u3 l2 K. g
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. K8 c1 w% D f9 R, e
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: m3 L' v$ t& X. F. ?, Q9 @: I
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 s% ?) F, o L( oThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ |( B9 `( A/ Q5 T( J
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. T- g9 P8 ^% J+ [$ Y; D$ b# T
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
7 T( h8 f" t% K. Wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
. a: o- t' k+ N8 S* U* g k; Qdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 o( U- L; X1 W( b, F0 U9 E
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! \) g" N' V) H) Ausing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) a" V: `. W! f+ A# I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
2 m3 V$ g6 z# s' }7 F! \4 jcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 O4 V: ^2 Y/ K9 B8 D& wunprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 \$ d: z0 t$ F( X
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) V; U P% z$ u A$ b/ M# @. F: ?baseline value in those females who were exposed to, I' ?; K Z( f) V3 p/ T
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& A! v5 M- @) h& kpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 I0 e: x0 c( L P9 J8 L! R6 \' ^. G5 m
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% y) o x( C4 Z9 H5 A. {, C* y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 Q# u; F& K. K$ u% L. g, f& [
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
5 j, \0 x7 o2 P8 B" F! g$ d3 s5 wdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
`( D/ l" v. K0 v7 w' ~terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 S& ^4 N E1 f) D. nactive in young children exposed to testosterone4 A% H( C- G* Z8 [+ G' n
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ S- n0 o' g$ u! qdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ Z Z8 {. Y- Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in6 D Q; k7 S" p, M
children results in an increase in growth velocity and" i' D' {3 U; K& F4 M" U5 E" W
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ o: U: l' ?. o* E, V5 V. B+ qThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during. x& U+ X2 J& g0 ^& V
early childhood on pubertal development and final* K3 H2 X( Z( b7 ^& Y; w/ n" Y
adult height are not fully known and always remain
) B3 L. j4 ^$ j' F+ B0 c/ Xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 @6 A; w1 w0 ~: h; @/ j
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 B; g, T/ g5 xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. y' T8 d- D1 q& C3 u5 |) K# \
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ x+ p! L# }# T) v8 x' {decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# O% ~& V; k0 a/ S: L2 }0 Z- qThere are conflicting reports and controversy
! i8 H& I/ v S0 Rover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" g# z0 |" Q; o9 ?5 x' mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, L7 d3 F8 P0 {" n6 K% a6 xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-2 Y( q& M6 P, C
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* {% T. w3 ~' F3 L4 G
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% }; E$ i5 `7 n G7 G* p
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult7 t; y# w2 h8 n/ m& ?& D- | N
penile length in clinical studies.+ }$ b2 `$ Y# A4 X; O) T6 S
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
1 R0 j9 ^: M" E6 B6 Rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from- S. A: e# g+ @ n9 A9 [+ V6 C, i
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because$ d- h# L7 N& L& V. A
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. z7 L6 @5 I' @; K1 y( M! U
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of4 l" ^. C6 h6 i- o t2 i4 e8 f% U
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
* d( G( B2 Y$ ~4 }: s# ^the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 h/ t7 q X/ R) j- theight will not be affected.5 ]; @5 x/ b( t4 ^6 Q- j7 M, h( o
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-; N G, W% u9 L7 ?: x
ability of androgen products in our society may. `3 Y3 \4 O7 D+ D8 _/ [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 Z* y6 A0 ^. }' Dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% Y4 A+ Y& M/ H" d2 q5 D
gen products must be considered and specific ques-8 C- Z- o. U: f0 a6 l
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. C8 g2 D$ W1 X1 }& `- egel should be asked of the family members during. b0 n5 R. ^; Q+ \) o$ I6 a
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 U s, _3 w' U/ H# [4 @ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' h5 U, f# m/ Qnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! Z/ t% @/ L uappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 G6 ]2 o+ {: T- Q# t Uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) [, v# `% J8 S v* g
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: A) P f* g4 {7 t" {! s8 T% A
investigation. The primary care physician should be
/ K& Z% X, O6 X) a2 faware of this fact, because most of these children
$ ~" Z; y1 |% l; I0 @% jmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 H5 ?) x$ Q3 x! `8 r& yDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 R4 i6 D5 w8 O6 o9 r9 I1 fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# C; _ {9 K- E. k! r+ ^female child who might come in contact with some-$ t- F" G7 L8 F
one using any of these products.( X) a2 ~6 Y) e7 c' ] [
References
r8 g& y2 B. ~9 C/ P9 I1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 y0 i9 j6 P( O5 \$ ?9 A
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 J2 r* [+ N0 T2 @' r: dEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1 b3 ^, c& |$ j/ u9 `2002: 565-628.
9 f" X. p( t0 ^7 T ?2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: E: A) g( T$ Q" {1 [' B) q
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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