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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* v9 I" Q& D! U, o5 WBoy Induced by Indirect Topical6 r* [6 }: U" j5 W
Exposure to Testosterone. w- l0 `, i% I7 \/ J
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 _. I* d9 I+ N4 j' p& i, K$ g0 h3 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ s1 `9 L% i- f! v( M1 U
Clinical Pediatrics2 i9 a* k$ ]! ?9 [) |
Volume 46 Number 6' Z. r9 r  g1 Y" R, N  I4 b5 Z* f; M
July 2007 540-543
# j5 V' t3 l) a/ |2 R/ b" X" a© 2007 Sage Publications: K. j8 D: N% Z' Z% f
10.1177/00099228062966515 J3 u) q5 q2 w0 p
http://clp.sagepub.com
; s9 [- ], o" l7 ?" f* H; Qhosted at
6 H. V$ o2 Q2 khttp://online.sagepub.com8 C" w" @4 n' p% _* Y1 @( z+ i4 Z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
, J2 m) `+ w& l( ]; \$ mis a significant concern for physicians. Central
  X, d8 ~6 e3 \/ F4 i# iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 W' x" w6 f, C' @1 A6 wthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has) G0 ^; ^: y2 M$ f
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 g) h4 M* _# H* H: @$ G+ n
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& b7 x( p1 m4 r; \$ ?# mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 u, l. h' Z2 d$ i% e2 s
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-$ D, |  M6 k% F9 u$ F9 ]' {6 x
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& u/ R6 w2 K) e/ ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the$ L! G6 F4 a8 w# Z1 S1 G9 g0 U! j
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 V% P5 _- |3 d) D$ F
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- i7 ?5 C$ ]! N" n3 j* n
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
( E5 i  n8 o$ o3 wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ B+ Y9 a. z* E4 A6 ?0 q1 s
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; }0 t% y9 i: \/ o
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 w+ ^6 c9 o( g& G% _- ~$ ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* s, |# J" T% R# P" u; \. }' M
bly more common than the rare case report in the
$ e5 Z( q( i) ~; p- n: Dliterature.45 [, }2 L& v+ Y& C8 o5 _
Patient Report) A! n4 {  L! F8 a" r+ J  [: e: P
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
% Q3 I8 u& X" w' sendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. q# t; p  p1 t( a" jof early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ n" N. j; h6 jlight colored pubic hair development when he was
9 c) L1 Q2 @5 p, d( d: VFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 ^  x3 ?7 N  c+ z- w  m  Z' y5 MSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' h* }9 U5 Y- u# o1 W8 P  D3 w: y/ MAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 E% ]+ i9 Z* {4 y/ \$ ^+ c
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 v) [0 }7 n2 n4 J& p! c7 A6 a1 ]  D
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 t* J$ V) {7 t5 de-mail: [email protected].( t" A& w, l  W0 R: D
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became* l  T6 ?. t' o* _9 K
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: a% V; [* [( ^9 e: s- iment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
$ Q- v( L, o9 {$ `. q! W3 pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% e% m) f9 |' `1 L6 n/ v) qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, b) j/ s$ f. U6 V7 R5 f. |20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 J2 v) _, `3 k- bof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. O! x: _& k4 v; [+ X8 G( Jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
8 s/ o( J$ c* f% h, v* Cand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
5 D  H( V0 F" A5 U& _7 mwas age appropriate.
- @9 D; Q$ a* @3 d" MThe family history was remarkable for the father,3 @9 ^" i' r2 ^7 q7 I( ^0 W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( a5 w2 s9 x% W  v, K5 E
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s, q4 v# k8 ~* P* W$ \
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ b9 E. ~/ y, p% R. r: C
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& r3 e  e* d: m! Q% v3 [7 }4 l
The father denied taking any other medication. The
0 C2 g8 Y) k- G4 E2 {. nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ M" _/ d# b9 j) {8 ^3 J; Z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ l& a. o2 j. a0 a: |* r- Q9 |. C5 ~
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 G8 k# H, n  s0 L+ x& Y! Vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% O7 E) N4 f. Y: ^! }
tives. There were no siblings.& d) c% k6 g9 }* E
Physical Examination1 r' Q; l9 ^* y2 d) m5 f  t
The physical examination revealed a very active,
# Y# ~0 j' W" i  g: s) m, rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented  E4 b4 \6 N6 g. Z6 M* o  K
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ B' O# m/ p4 `* {3 v  e
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg3 D: f% ~0 q% p" H5 a& r
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 ]1 ^2 K8 _: a/ J) Wvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of! T' J! I9 B5 [" K- `
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  Z5 H1 `; P2 C4 J
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 r. |  q! w5 {1 x* J# fenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ l6 ]/ C% j" N# O4 `, N, g# a8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& S" }  P, S! L" m7 f# @developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# W7 p. I, i/ K/ f540
! {, A6 n# y% i& W- K) k, A; Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 k$ A% [+ `( M& z4 b
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ F% z+ |+ C+ \6 c: C8 W" v9 ~1 G  Ktesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 Q( V6 R  X% f; O; @The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat: Z9 [- C1 h, K" l3 \
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no- }# ^+ w# b6 o. {4 z  [
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# d/ F1 g/ q- f/ l) s- d; u
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+& P" {  s0 u2 t1 f$ r8 ^- [. ?) s0 P8 k
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion' E, P6 Q( ]& ^. c
of papilledema.
5 }7 W+ z3 W9 r; {Laboratory Evaluation
; _& K) n% G* U9 `The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; a! g- `! W9 n8 T* E, tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 q6 `2 R* F$ _  p' O" z4 o7 Hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 Q5 ^6 X+ ^  vkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test& U$ Q4 K) ~6 o* U, i- A
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ _% }' I# c) k$ R& o( s0 `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 t2 t* R, D& u5 K. Y4 H9 [' q& k1 R0 x
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% }0 x# [# J5 d& c( d5 uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 U5 e6 c; e# C) x  m
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% O7 e7 e! y& C3 J7 D: Tof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- N1 ?- }: l: q7 G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 Z2 t7 p; ~  ^3 y4 F+ I6 O
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- [6 v6 u9 m' ~) Sterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
% z7 j$ ?6 q. `5 udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* }, i  A+ G' M  B1 J7 }49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: `+ B/ H) l/ ?- Ewas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% X8 Q$ y5 v" b( \7 |+ W6 B
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& }3 e3 W; U7 i7 R
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& d/ d  t/ h, j( E( M  l. ]
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 X. O, n' l6 {3 i( k( Y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, u* R. `* V3 {stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
6 f# I5 y- y4 j4 O: K! t6 K& gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' m* r8 s! s, Y  ?4 _1 \(prepubertal).
' _: Q9 A; B) K7 u3 wThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 u) ]) Y& ]$ j2 jresults and were informed that all of the tests were4 A( Z: G3 k- i! U7 D0 [$ ?( ?
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 D0 q% `) J" ^; h! lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
. n1 V( ?, s- L* h3 m: j5 t7 J; W+ bobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
1 A2 d) c8 r- n2 j8 N6 Zever, the family did not return for 4 months./ ~) k; h7 c( G: ]( m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- E7 G' {* v1 _6 n  r
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 D" G. O' W; q3 P" r
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 N# |* ?9 D) M  V5 E: qunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 R1 \) t2 E3 Z$ {3 F+ h6 f. l7 _
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at- b' T/ m8 U  X; }, T# w
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, R6 P: N  e' i0 a+ m+ n
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! Q( h; Y; F' I3 R% @0 q; _The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; ?5 K9 @* v" m6 G) ?
ing frequent erections.
5 x) c( F* A# l+ t; Y7 o2 s) F) NBoth parents were again questioned about use of
- k' ]9 [1 z3 F# f: ^+ Z1 M2 fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 c- Z4 ~: j1 W: v; I
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ E, N0 _2 n# ]5 wTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 b) Z' X& w; k' Vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ x& B6 }  K) m) Fing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ |1 C- ^1 L3 `* y  `- F
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
" X' l" W6 L  m9 Wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-* N1 Z6 A$ |5 Q' l/ ~
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 w2 b" |/ O! `secondary to depression./ i5 q2 |! j1 S. j0 F; V4 L
The child slept in the same bed with parents., }2 Y7 ~& Y! G4 C, V9 f
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 h# T/ n- s/ n2 d* l4 }/ F5 Achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ S: |% e! J& |) M/ B
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% C4 P% c! a" W2 Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
2 `8 B. p# o: J% M) g  xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 _# }9 b; B9 v% Ewas high, he then read the product information2 t: E2 H" B2 c  v; s( Q! G% d
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-' E8 _7 |$ m2 R1 H7 u; d
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 Y# e  }0 N! b( v8 F& zdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 Q# T1 B0 T3 O7 m+ {3 `/ r
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 o; M# c' w) J! |6 ~been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 O( t1 k8 v' {& |7 ttest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ x) ~/ A1 V! i; zlaboratory to obtain the test.
& t$ o# B0 _+ X% \1 q& \( ADiscussion4 ~3 \: o, M( ~0 k8 P. D
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
7 j! \, R. f# m7 X. ~sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. w: ~# V2 j' T1 s  @Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 D, l' N3 z' ?4 X: D2 r( i" Pit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( `- K2 u3 L8 C/ |5 d' Dthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-! ?8 _* e. J2 q$ R
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 z$ z8 V6 C, I6 T
may have a central nervous system lesion that is) J" j! B* V# p
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
) m. D6 O2 F# Q; f: M2 }amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ Q1 e3 `6 B9 M/ ^- Q, v5 J! g. Y* o$ ~sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 J- i# r8 a6 f$ O/ P7 \" p  ?6 ]boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& Z/ s' E' f& p# ~  e0 Z
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-* Z; w$ K% {3 y! w3 j  w( A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 K* j* H. A/ F) t( V! l' L2 O
gonadotropins.1,3
% l; @$ Z( V" `Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 }" ^2 w/ F- L" w# l1 L
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" z) y5 U' u. g' p9 wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 ~1 `- ^8 A" h3 d
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-8 b- c) W+ a! L. n  Q4 }
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 J: c1 P) e! i/ T
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive' x& v* T  b8 B1 G
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) w. m0 w5 q6 U7 J
puberty in boys.3,4
9 y3 G- [* J5 `3 FThe most common form of congenital adrenal
8 j4 R) e. s  d# }, b: O0 n3 x6 Q$ ehyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
8 [1 L. N+ Q5 X% s) qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
- R% R% o( a/ Qexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# R3 \: \3 S8 `
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen9 m1 A5 {" z" Z- W/ v9 G
excess.1,3
) g, ?% `0 W$ ?$ v0 Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# s- ?& E4 }3 z6 K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 D3 z! b1 V/ ?4 U/ [8 LA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" ]5 B6 N; _; b* `0 O, e5 H' }independent precocious puberty, which is also known2 b3 O( i' {6 M* Z  u# F+ f
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
0 S$ u, E3 ?1 z9 Avery young age. The physical findings in these boys7 Q8 o4 R, a! v' l# ^% e  v
with this disorder are full pubertal development,8 q. S* ?/ e7 C: Z" S! [( {/ ^
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys! M8 N" d8 |9 B6 r  P: L% s
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
, l5 p* Q0 `0 q. F, z9 _! r3 {are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
; B! q. X  _0 }! M3 X5 y) npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ C3 ~: v, A1 ~6 U6 [2 e0 f) K5 |
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 y3 R' n4 X7 n% n6 Y$ S: u. Yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, @! P# D4 l" V9 s. I  E; Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family4 B# D  b$ C8 {6 [; j8 Q* U
may have similar precocious puberty.3
; ^# F1 l/ U9 v4 W3 S) \In our patient, physical examination was incon-
. v( w. _' M- b1 s, ~: zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-* y8 X) d' F$ \3 H
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis+ E" d- B) C' w- }6 U) U
was in the differential diagnosis because his father5 P/ u5 j% n( a
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
: R# p8 j/ W' Z- U4 D; ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ i* d3 k5 d+ o9 d% B0 s$ [
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( F4 H! v/ @6 E- _! W/ w6 dative initial history of androgen exposure, our& I/ W( }7 |2 b+ R  Y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; K+ U% u3 l2 K. g
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase. K8 c1 w% D  f9 R, e
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-: m3 L' v$ t& X. F. ?, Q9 @: I
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 s% ?) F, o  L( oThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ |( B9 `( A/ Q5 T( J
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. T- g9 P8 ^% J+ [$ Y; D$ b# T
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
7 T( h8 f" t% K. Wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
. a: o- t' k+ N8 S* U* g  k; Qdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-4 o( U- L; X1 W( b, F0 U9 E
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
! \) g" N' V) H) Ausing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) a" V: `. W! f+ A# I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
2 m3 V$ g6 z# s' }7 F! \4 jcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 O4 V: ^2 Y/ K9 B8 D& wunprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 \$ d: z0 t$ F( X
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) V; U  P% z$ u  A$ b/ M# @. F: ?baseline value in those females who were exposed to, I' ?; K  Z( f) V3 p/ T
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& A! v5 M- @) h& kpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-6 I0 e: x0 c( L  P9 J8 L! R6 \' ^. G5 m
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% y) o  x( C4 Z9 H5 A. {, C* y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,9 Q# u; F& K. K$ u% L. g, f& [
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
5 j, \0 x7 o2 P8 B" F! g$ d3 s5 wdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  `( D/ l" v. K0 v7 w' ~terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 S& ^4 N  E1 f) D. nactive in young children exposed to testosterone4 A% H( C- G* Z8 [+ G' n
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ S- n0 o' g$ u! qdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ Z  Z8 {. Y- Dvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in6 D  Q; k7 S" p, M
children results in an increase in growth velocity and" i' D' {3 U; K& F4 M" U5 E" W
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ o: U: l' ?. o* E, V5 V. B+ qThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during. x& U+ X2 J& g0 ^& V
early childhood on pubertal development and final* K3 H2 X( Z( b7 ^& Y; w/ n" Y
adult height are not fully known and always remain
) B3 L. j4 ^$ j' F+ B0 c/ Xa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 @6 A; w1 w0 ~: h; @/ j
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 B; g, T/ g5 xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. y' T8 d- D1 q& C3 u5 |) K# \
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ x+ p! L# }# T) v8 x' {decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
# O% ~& V; k0 a/ S: L2 }0 Z- qThere are conflicting reports and controversy
! i8 H& I/ v  S0 Rover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
" g# z0 |" Q; o9 ?5 x' mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, L7 d3 F8 P0 {" n6 K% a6 xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-2 Y( q& M6 P, C
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* {% T. w3 ~' F3 L4 G
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% }; E$ i5 `7 n  G7 G* p
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult7 t; y# w2 h8 n/ m& ?& D- |  N
penile length in clinical studies.+ }$ b2 `$ Y# A4 X; O) T6 S
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
1 R0 j9 ^: M" E6 B6 Rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from- S. A: e# g+ @  n9 A9 [+ V6 C, i
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because$ d- h# L7 N& L& V. A
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. z7 L6 @5 I' @; K1 y( M! U
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of4 l" ^. C6 h6 i- o  t2 i4 e8 f% U
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
* d( G( B2 Y$ ~4 }: s# ^the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 h/ t7 q  X/ R) j- theight will not be affected.5 ]; @5 x/ b( t4 ^6 Q- j7 M, h( o
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-; N  G, W% u9 L7 ?: x
ability of androgen products in our society may. `3 Y3 \4 O7 D+ D8 _/ [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 Z* y6 A0 ^. }' Dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% Y4 A+ Y& M/ H" d2 q5 D
gen products must be considered and specific ques-8 C- Z- o. U: f0 a6 l
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. C8 g2 D$ W1 X1 }& `- egel should be asked of the family members during. b0 n5 R. ^; Q+ \) o$ I6 a
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 U  s, _3 w' U/ H# [4 @ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' h5 U, f# m/ Qnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! Z/ t% @/ L  uappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 G6 ]2 o+ {: T- Q# t  Uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) [, v# `% J8 S  v* g
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: A) P  f* g4 {7 t" {! s8 T% A
investigation. The primary care physician should be
/ K& Z% X, O6 X) a2 faware of this fact, because most of these children
$ ~" Z; y1 |% l; I0 @% jmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 H5 ?) x$ Q3 x! `8 r& yDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 R4 i6 D5 w8 O6 o9 r9 I1 fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
# C; _  {9 K- E. k! r+ ^female child who might come in contact with some-$ t- F" G7 L8 F
one using any of these products.( X) a2 ~6 Y) e7 c' ]  [
References
  r8 g& y2 B. ~9 C/ P9 I1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 y0 i9 j6 P( O5 \$ ?9 A
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 J2 r* [+ N0 T2 @' r: dEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1 b3 ^, c& |$ j/ u9 `2002: 565-628.
9 f" X. p( t0 ^7 T  ?2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: E: A) g( T$ Q" {1 [' B) q
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 J. F, ^% ?7 qBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
8 m1 P+ f- D# ]8 R3 @Exposure to Testosterone3 k7 b; y; B, [- ^* F, y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
) d4 }+ c6 ]# C% A! Uand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD11 C: P6 o; y) G" }
Clinical Pediatrics$ P9 w0 D" N9 o9 N# b; A
Volume 46 Number 6# I4 A9 u8 o# X; V5 J
July 2007 540-543  \' _* {- [& F
© 2007 Sage Publications# t3 T& ^7 s  d1 n9 o
10.1177/00099228062966511 v$ X; r- c0 m% p( D3 q
http://clp.sagepub.com
' v1 T% `4 A! rhosted at1 V, X1 C' H* f" V  o
http://online.sagepub.com( U% x+ r7 ]) W
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# }' J4 i; p% uis a significant concern for physicians. Central! s9 S; U9 P3 ~7 w: D! c$ X
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, K+ c! t( Y2 @$ O& {through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
& S! x6 O9 d; k  ka higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( U& }. B8 o1 M  D% h' ?lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested' y% {9 N) l" ?5 ?- }
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
! |/ t- q. H& b* i/ G6 P. Phair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! v3 Z3 I6 p8 l( L! u4 e3 Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We. y% E; e6 J7 l3 M# B# _8 ^" S
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 c. _- E' h/ V7 x1 benlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
; g! I5 }( Z) L6 _ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) H9 n/ w; F' u% m" }to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 }, H0 t1 }. x8 s2 S& \the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
* H9 F# e( t, g- Y5 c( gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this. ^, ]( y- Z  S; J
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
( S8 M1 G8 Y  @testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. b) ]+ D6 H. Rbly more common than the rare case report in the( B1 y0 v, O* K. U* c* t; l
literature.4
! b/ p2 ]8 S1 }4 F- a2 Q8 KPatient Report- M) [* C6 u  Q6 W8 l
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 U) F3 ~& `4 K9 \* oendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern, J3 B; Z( G1 U2 f; P4 [% |
of early sexual development. His mother noticed; i7 ^% y1 `, ~4 A" z
light colored pubic hair development when he was: ]! z: J' l% [( V9 p" H
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! W# D2 F, }  r7 o) }5 YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 Z4 ~) w, r' W3 j7 B
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
" r! E8 K' M+ p" lProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. y2 y0 c# m* _  I( y; f0 W  x& a# CMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ V, R5 D) J' W/ c* e: J
e-mail: [email protected].
% s! @' |$ D" R) I$ P3 tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# x( K2 r! v  J6 i) D
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 ~6 U! b' B; r: H8 s: }& L
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child0 A" ~$ A6 d% N/ v4 R& f. t
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! o$ t: m! t# L  Z2 ^% L8 C* N2 p' v; ?a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
6 H; f- E7 B+ a* V20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
  w* k# z5 A! }of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 a. u; v4 x( K  u1 Z' h6 i6 psolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ X# w' [  d  O* Oand his psychosocial and psychomotor development( {, o8 ?8 |6 r
was age appropriate.. K* \/ ^5 c0 \/ K3 G
The family history was remarkable for the father,/ d9 B9 J5 e5 \6 T0 e; ~
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
$ R2 ?6 t7 p% @1 xwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: [% l/ t; U" P
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 f4 w6 S3 ?7 h# Xearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; r0 A6 H) t) i
The father denied taking any other medication. The2 ~4 u; G  ~: j% E; S7 x; b
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche# Q! y/ V- |4 H( L2 t$ G, M# K9 x6 P
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& E) u, Y+ E, e0 H$ W
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 ~7 W3 }/ m* Ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! r0 k9 |& B) M( X) dtives. There were no siblings.
( y& C8 k9 a) v) ^, iPhysical Examination, f% g* W1 H+ H0 s
The physical examination revealed a very active,  O6 h6 e/ `$ l" Q. v7 t( A
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
# u3 p$ q+ _6 Y8 p1 ea blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
: }7 n3 }1 u0 p3 z9 h90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ t4 D' E1 ?3 ?+ a(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 J$ N! H* K8 k, V5 zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# q7 c2 f# O/ `& u* M, ^the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
* R5 t/ ^+ n8 u) a# wThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ T/ d) d3 V* eenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 W/ q. [1 {" F& V8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 z$ w8 R+ u1 E" C! b& |
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, {1 \0 n9 g, K, z. s540
& M9 P; e4 j4 f: nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ ^' F. A4 P" x2 D+ h
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. J( D! T; L1 j( ~) ?( Utesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.) j$ s+ q. @3 S/ V8 u. b# T7 r
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) N) Z! q$ ?' \# v( r; U/ V
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" L' a1 v7 }5 ~5 }5 Labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.. x' H% e; u2 p9 B# J
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+3 d. ^' R4 ]0 A7 n4 s) s$ }
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
& l2 f/ v) L' k; N9 ]5 |of papilledema.; e2 @( D  V6 L
Laboratory Evaluation
/ U5 W& A% C' zThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) Y( @. s, U' F4 E- R: V( Kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' [) k6 N6 A) ?' S) jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' W" S/ Q- a3 U0 _9 ~
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, I( N% O' R% w8 Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% A3 r7 w8 D, T6 g9 X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ p& S' o2 y' M4 g8 O  @5 j
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
: Q% ]( t6 p) [% ?( _urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were/ G" r* n+ `: V
within normal range for his age. The concentration7 M$ _, r. \9 W9 c1 ^( [1 Z  W
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL) V7 m& {( m% D0 w% h. o' u
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& ^9 \$ j% X$ g4 a  V6 Cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
) p* {) }' W+ D# p+ @0 n" `terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 U$ \+ @5 B3 j* adesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to$ b7 w, f7 R6 U: x
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)1 C. p0 r8 G" w0 \$ _5 t. G
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 C: R4 |8 G6 R( {9 d/ l7 Xtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& j5 v% D) a7 v2 u( Q
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),% ?; h6 r' P4 R- a# ^6 x9 Q, J
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& p' v1 B- d0 o! R6 q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular7 _3 @) [/ c2 T6 f0 q
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 s3 f& a# L6 k" o
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
" U! }5 ]2 q) r1 H) }' e/ o(prepubertal).3 l( c& @  H2 R- i8 F% @
The parents were notified about the laboratory
' N3 l1 l* q3 W2 b- V1 [1 H) I1 Yresults and were informed that all of the tests were3 Z, V) e- l( E" v. q
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# h# ^: {* v  r4 ?% `7 t, Q
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
# w- g0 O! I# mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 V) c' I8 h8 U9 v) r8 Jever, the family did not return for 4 months.* p8 {4 }5 \' V* H* y' s1 }
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- M) t! }7 R- _  r+ }# u
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
8 x( E. K- A: Y) ?2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained8 R( F& H' @# u0 |1 F# B: E
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
, k! B! d9 ]! y5 x1 ]$ }8 L6 s2 R( {pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* B8 e. ~' D% i  n& \/ o1 ?9 kthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* @- q* l2 ~* T3 fmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
  w8 F9 r7 V( a# |) ?& N( iThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
' V: d: t! i6 E# R2 l+ ling frequent erections.& f0 o- G1 j- A0 `$ Z  z
Both parents were again questioned about use of6 C2 @  t; N- m
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& `9 N% k2 x0 X* Ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 C9 z4 Q- K) MTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 V+ K# r* t( q! ^8 U- A- y/ b9 {use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# j( n; S( g3 v- ~. e. o9 U- ~# Y
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) v" T2 q0 B" O  v  Ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed8 d  j% U/ o: _" a
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 j6 [. _' K" p7 t3 o1 V5 R& Sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! e+ h8 _, p6 K2 V, xsecondary to depression.
# P; p8 h1 i& Z4 g* r2 [1 o* LThe child slept in the same bed with parents.0 V& l9 x0 U9 U
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- M. Y- ^) W2 v; Y0 Rchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& G4 j! K) H; q0 E6 g( C1 ]
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.% O& L/ Q4 V( A/ g
The father also admitted that after the phone call,( ~  x, T& O  H+ C7 {
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby& k2 C& f- f6 E4 F
was high, he then read the product information
4 E6 ]3 w6 \; G% ^1 lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( j6 s0 {& K5 D: T. [  m: \. h$ X& cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 `! G& J4 s8 B4 e4 t; B
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' y) x5 p; a- rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
9 _3 S5 p2 V4 x6 h# Sbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 q& y. b+ h5 S" s* r  K
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* H+ T7 B2 U& Y: y9 Qlaboratory to obtain the test.: D  q+ E3 ^+ }3 ^
Discussion
5 F- H* w. ^) ?8 {! JPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; N, Y( `7 O! w; }; r. R, ?- dsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4- T+ B9 ]6 k  h$ s+ v, t% Q
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when; L- O& p0 y1 Z  b
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-1 S$ j" n+ y' m+ ^
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
. R# K0 |2 p3 wmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; l( e) r; r) r! [  [may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 K8 R0 c! ~) J0 @
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-- U3 A( r7 w  ]+ x! M! l- M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
5 u/ l# z3 _8 p- x2 d. |sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in( x) c( T% X& h& t, d" i
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, X$ X5 v: p; X2 Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
4 l1 W+ {: O" irical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by# |" X0 m+ I- M* P' r
gonadotropins.1,3
+ Y  {1 C9 [& D6 ]% G' I( OGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; ^3 J2 p3 E9 W' |0 y1 J& rcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
) K4 u! Y/ r$ p- ~* j# iandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ Q& H9 N4 U7 _6 F1 bexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-8 S- Y) G% }8 W! J( R" y6 F; p
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 |6 H- X3 o& k' Ocongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive5 n4 v, v! [+ ~1 \# f
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; n6 F" N* L8 |puberty in boys.3,4
' Y/ S% B1 r8 y  {9 gThe most common form of congenital adrenal
$ L! B  w! f/ dhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.; b7 R. r' m: U
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- t! V7 s6 {( S9 E" R# o, b- q4 V5 f
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( a! l( ^2 c. P; T+ ]) v( D
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 J& D- e6 a& j+ O  \' e5 S
excess.1,3
1 g9 \% y5 h8 T; h9 t- q/ o! J' [9 Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ {& Q1 m) X& E: x( }
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 j1 u* n' u9 I/ f) e2 E* _  j6 w
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 P' {! L3 l& m
independent precocious puberty, which is also known+ S! E. _! K% g: b" V" K0 E# b! H, X
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a9 ?+ o( V0 u4 ?9 _
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 |5 G# b) c4 Y$ D; c: j! Dwith this disorder are full pubertal development,, h5 T4 P; v* T6 H1 k  f* `! @
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 O: h9 h3 c- T; l9 Gwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder. r! J( y, q1 U6 z9 m1 y9 y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
3 v3 h! u4 [: Apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
& o% x% K' x0 breleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked7 b  J4 t/ d$ k% ~4 K, m; ?. t. W2 s
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% y1 F1 a3 P  Bmales; therefore, other male members of the family
" O* J6 ^2 O. p/ Kmay have similar precocious puberty.3
/ J9 G' T# a: uIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
9 t9 Y/ J/ d! y5 Y  z0 Asistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-3 C# H; P  j2 t
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis9 o1 Q* _* R" n
was in the differential diagnosis because his father$ j( v0 p9 g$ Q0 e4 ^5 e
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 o$ p5 E) B6 D6 }) Stesticular enlargement is not that evident in the4 d" V* U4 H  n, s+ s5 Q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 d$ [# p& [/ l: i+ U$ @
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our( Y, M' C2 q+ @/ P8 c3 L- F; _$ G
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
5 ]$ }/ z- V) |1 B8 D% C% ieither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase9 [* z/ L. Z2 k6 h) }4 S
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, C" ?% r, {$ e: t. p* U: N: u2 z
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 n! C9 F' H! }$ A6 l; F9 b% u! IThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 H. V4 s) r: |' A+ f/ U: Fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. l) Q+ B5 z* h
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, E* I: u" N9 L& X: |9 t$ Fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
3 y5 B0 d) L" N' b- j  n8 L$ sdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-. j) {& M% |/ ^( M
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% v- ]. X/ P" X8 husing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
! i/ b- i  x0 n( kDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or6 Y3 Z# g. `( O* Y" A6 g
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to# \- i) [! ~  V; A1 W$ C+ }/ j2 Z0 z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.! p( t5 a' O, n, `
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' t, m; K3 V$ P; Z/ ]8 tbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 `# H7 o: _; m4 W2 f- M6 P
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( U: @' s7 J" S+ ]1 X
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! z4 x8 W4 V6 d8 U8 k
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 I9 @; q( i8 K* @. g, m; ROur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ x( N& j7 |# J  S) g
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
) N) e4 @' Q1 b" c5 Q' Gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- V4 M$ p* O  xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more7 Z" n! R, K5 r6 t3 {! b/ @
active in young children exposed to testosterone. T/ S! B0 y, b8 r) X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% a9 f% P" L) D9 y- P, @2 N& H7 Q2 W- ~
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 A% e; d. j$ E# {+ m6 k0 [$ ^6 @
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; Y% m  y% s4 m( B' s1 t. Ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and4 b) J# w3 h: S% A3 N: u
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
3 B) b4 |) t, }- ~3 DThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during' h! Q% ?3 ]# {+ q& M* ?' U$ n
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! K4 y1 R' F4 ^) a! Vadult height are not fully known and always remain1 D! j/ m+ \% z  G" d3 [
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 R9 _9 _7 q. U: M( ]# Hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: A& E& O7 P8 D5 Q2 H
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- l7 @& D& B" e2 U, M
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 {2 [' \# {6 `
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 ]& N; C+ g: ^+ W# H+ s1 e) U
There are conflicting reports and controversy: I+ q3 f" S/ p' ?1 h
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 n8 f8 x. A: p+ p/ k6 Wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal: \! m6 K. [. v; }# D, S3 C4 i
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) I9 U* V3 b& j' uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
- r3 [9 }3 f3 u6 `Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 S: [9 d5 d# c. k6 h( u  j& ^. N
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
6 Q4 E% [4 h5 T8 A, M9 x' Ppenile length in clinical studies.
- a; a) T2 M; d5 w0 _Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 r8 l3 z7 b# Rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
  ~1 k0 [# W2 Y8 [; R  \5 {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ l& }7 m4 C% Q& r# z, athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 ?) X8 w2 J  U7 g
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
  N' x7 ^7 a% D8 n; }diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
# P8 d9 u0 Y7 A* V( x- R- ]( z( gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( A" e' M1 \2 ~* B
height will not be affected.3 Q% |( A) d* c% O; ~' h
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-9 M( M/ r; M$ d) d, k
ability of androgen products in our society may
. @6 n: W* E7 C0 h2 q; X6 U6 \  `indeed cause more virilization in male or female0 x1 T. T& {! ~4 N- V7 J. ^
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: o1 H, Q; I4 ogen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 ]3 a2 R! o3 R3 Q' R2 q, U$ ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or) `% ~0 i8 F2 l+ R& J6 Z
gel should be asked of the family members during
7 C2 Z  X) v( Y' L% Dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! M$ \( M" @6 M8 cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-  @% k( k: v9 p7 V! O
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
' J: C4 w6 ?+ {- dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) F3 ~) P5 B2 W, a3 q! j  fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. T/ Q& b* p4 i/ g& I$ Xresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 e( m* W# |9 d0 ^# b2 C( A* r% g9 Ginvestigation. The primary care physician should be( @. M4 `* k) ?8 W8 N4 C/ q
aware of this fact, because most of these children
: R% @3 Y% J( `may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’- x! F3 ?% o  e) _- E0 u9 V( f7 _4 D8 I
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a* e' s8 x  B# v- b0 b# f9 R
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, E- e  i  i$ N4 t2 j$ Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-
' ], l+ s% [4 ?* _! Y8 Sone using any of these products.+ U! c- o' S3 ]; l9 e# `! C1 w: K: v
References
8 A, X4 F) n- K! _1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: y3 g) v) \5 {( s6 ^and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; n/ d; w* p; B& T, e6 `8 w/ F
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" R  y, s. U5 x6 t0 g! A2002: 565-628.! R; e0 ^3 f' ?2 b
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- [4 {/ E% r- T; A! Tpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

6 d  A$ P3 P& P& H4 |9 z- k* F  A% ~精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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