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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
) X& ]7 o/ v4 j+ R9 P; C% ^1 mBoy Induced by Indirect Topical( |" J; L+ y( t. N- c
Exposure to Testosterone
: s+ ~3 E) ]+ W+ ~4 Q9 ~' QSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 B% ]: g4 j. R# e/ U2 }- I
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1( k# S0 p1 h8 q
Clinical Pediatrics' Q1 O% ^3 P4 i& a* O
Volume 46 Number 6$ Y. B) e+ K' g) h
July 2007 540-543/ ?) d$ r ?6 p* d
© 2007 Sage Publications
0 ^) `+ p2 Q* M3 s& o$ h10.1177/0009922806296651; E( ` C$ O! B$ W9 ]
http://clp.sagepub.com# [% r& ~" B8 r9 _
hosted at; p/ u6 X& v9 J2 V U
http://online.sagepub.com
. q, m- I8 F" uPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- D/ V! u8 G |, K# o! Cis a significant concern for physicians. Central8 h* _, x2 J% O* P) U
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 c: h, N0 w4 o9 }* T
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
! [+ C8 h3 t: f W" u4 Pa higher incidence of organic central nervous system: t. @" X) e: a$ ]/ f0 w7 y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ a2 Z4 ?9 Y" N* y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
# Z+ ]8 w- O3 I5 [/ q* qhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 I9 X0 u1 @ E) I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
: u3 p5 I' X7 T! D7 ~# x5 Z! U" _report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- e, O" x ]( t. V5 w7 N
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 `& ?3 s* J5 `3 Y1 m' Kment without testicular enlargement, which was due. l" D8 w8 m! |, s
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by2 k2 n8 S' C. O$ \
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 D) i; h, p3 T$ K. V6 _# j! ymation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& P( @* X8 ~' m) O9 v0 p
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 a4 g3 a, \5 I! i" G5 p; U
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-5 v' h. v2 c) U+ [' C0 I
bly more common than the rare case report in the3 c3 ^: i2 K/ d; g5 P4 x% w
literature.4- v. ~8 i# R: G' ^2 x% v
Patient Report
# l9 L# |5 i1 ?/ uA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 C6 a/ c6 d5 D0 `$ tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern- c b$ B4 n9 F- U
of early sexual development. His mother noticed% U1 l$ V5 v9 h* F1 C9 n
light colored pubic hair development when he was- {- F( _: C: \ O! j
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
' I7 k2 P3 @6 j* U9 fSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.. e' J$ F3 J4 u# \, k7 @; N: s+ `
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
K. F" Q2 R) ?4 f, V" [Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of3 b+ {9 q5 V3 F& _2 I- x8 V
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
8 E$ {: t, e" ~) U+ ue-mail: [email protected].* e3 H% g9 F |' `1 C3 P) _
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
( {) u9 f" _% G4 ]7 ]( {4 Y) ~darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ q+ C2 K9 Y! w6 Yment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ n) Q+ {1 x* {0 U* C4 m
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 z% p9 s4 @) z8 }& o! A1 Fa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
* c6 Z x9 T/ U, E1 v' y20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 u4 H7 k K5 {4 Z$ W2 I( }9 ~of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. k3 n" O2 b& C4 w' Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
2 O; x) A9 r5 @0 b# k1 j/ j+ ?and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
! s" m4 |8 S! ?# o# [, Swas age appropriate. H% E9 ~$ z' q% a9 ~6 Z
The family history was remarkable for the father,6 n6 X: F. x7 r% e6 e" n
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& R' U b1 M- G( rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! n v% M+ d- o2 n
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat, E8 D/ X( ~/ d/ H4 b& X
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
: L4 U( K, i! f$ kThe father denied taking any other medication. The, B# Q+ e% \( U; \: f
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche3 T5 U5 v6 O- \5 R, z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, S( g) W1 z( n5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 E4 c/ X, `8 u: L2 mcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 V n$ ^3 X4 o" Rtives. There were no siblings.
! V( o0 Y, T, ~" n% zPhysical Examination6 E5 U% h% Y' w
The physical examination revealed a very active,: Y+ B* Z1 O$ q
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
# j' i! K1 y4 W( {3 La blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was( R; R d/ ^6 |: `8 p# ^" Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 Y1 P t2 I5 G9 g( B- b
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' J+ ]( A" Y9 ]' Cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: o# a, q( {$ E8 Sthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: b5 k6 v2 F. X! A3 ~& W% i
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
9 a* I* y' e& J/ j) renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of ^9 d7 f8 m# ~$ H V g$ Y1 A
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
k; N$ c3 l, K. u+ @& Rdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
! W. X9 `( Y) b4 ]; |; B540
; z" ~3 y9 }1 w) Q b G0 ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. u/ {8 `9 u6 E! c
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% u* {( _* N5 @9 G o6 v- L% y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
9 x ^6 X# R" C1 T/ [7 CThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 H; ?1 W7 L. c. G: a2 l2 W. x1 Foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 }6 K- |( S" V; g' z; E
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
4 Z. O L$ [( w& }: j6 [Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 |, w* A; A! ~' abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ E2 P8 ~+ w8 W8 B' ?# Pof papilledema.! r, e! q( R: {9 \/ |9 Y
Laboratory Evaluation2 l; @. I! F( j
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ q; F! q- |* E5 W/ H. q/ x8 A2 Nusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
7 @1 [3 W7 N4 J# h4 t* U) Y; jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal5 h: j: g; q% Q! ]5 d0 x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* t4 H; W4 }8 q# l9 m8 i' E
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-8 |0 L5 P3 ?& O" |& i) [
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
x- E8 J) A2 _ ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( T9 _- P0 H# u* S9 @2 r
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 O9 j$ J2 C: } c0 B, d( A+ B* Nwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 k; K& }2 z2 Wof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 B) I$ W2 N& b6 ?( Y' u(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20; h8 _6 k# d5 Z0 K
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
C5 v3 I* Q, |+ H+ b: M: S J$ @- xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) b; R3 ^- q v0 H/ [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 u7 Q$ \" y+ h4 h0 _5 a
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)( K: Z/ o; s8 Y. \
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ L. \+ i$ j7 p% c2 u0 S R5 Stisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. L8 {6 B3 ]: N: O8 }
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( g. N$ i2 t+ R4 ~+ Oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than; x) R$ u0 t2 _& s7 t' f: v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& n; O: O2 r- I- ]4 v
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone) r# x4 c$ ]# ?# x* u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL |: ]& j3 ~& J& v4 u+ R
(prepubertal).$ u' n8 {5 c1 j2 `' e0 g' D, T; \# v
The parents were notified about the laboratory
9 f' U, [! w, l0 O4 V; oresults and were informed that all of the tests were5 J% q8 N! C5 i/ P$ U. Q8 T
normal except the testosterone level was high. The2 D6 [. p" _) p& {
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 J$ X a4 C' d Q8 x4 ^obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# K- u* w5 x+ Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& j% m% n ~& C6 mPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
2 l3 X" L0 L8 gchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ _. I0 t3 j! o T: E# e( x
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
$ k: k7 F% s" cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( T- w% q2 `4 B- r d2 hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 B3 Q- k3 g* x' q2 l' D; m) z
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
# f8 z' \1 ]' Y# u. r9 D: h! @; [mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; N: M& z( o5 f/ E' i$ _: t2 U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 x. O/ b& ~3 h% [3 S) @; d$ Cing frequent erections.
$ {4 X& j7 W. TBoth parents were again questioned about use of
3 I. K0 n' l7 D9 j# p; Cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to" h% A f" z) J) D5 s
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' @/ P. S: }6 {7 F" |2 k3 H7 ^
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 R! p2 o( w$ f" {2 w: H- X: a
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-5 n) }" e' {7 [) e$ L0 |
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
+ ^+ T5 U+ h! S, T$ ?a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 d1 l1 ^# z7 g6 Y7 ?to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 p6 x8 O o& d6 a' Fscribed by his family physician for decreased libido {( P$ w# o8 o$ {5 q" X i. h
secondary to depression. J, f2 Y4 A: s8 D3 v- `" j6 _
The child slept in the same bed with parents.7 Z4 c x+ o9 S5 h
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 o7 K! s$ L8 H( r) E" n! x
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& E& d+ y. h! B, I4 q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' P& _- x3 M" }( U; i8 ?
The father also admitted that after the phone call,3 n2 O& P# k a$ A: j
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby g) P; V& Z6 c3 ?! g$ E# u) c& i. a
was high, he then read the product information
7 v6 L+ i0 C C |& g! o5 opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ I+ ?1 ^5 ], m6 v+ N+ e5 n
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they& i$ R- D# ~, s4 z3 P
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 I* L- N1 }0 t H2 E
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had) K* v; X8 D# d! |# m7 F
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" e5 W4 C; n+ @' q0 @
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. j4 w) H' I) r/ d5 c/ Jlaboratory to obtain the test.5 R3 P- Z9 |+ [0 m5 W" }
Discussion
% H* N' D: l: t* @2 hPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& |- A4 b$ X/ ~ Nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* h- A+ k6 i1 {+ ~: K: r' PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) Y8 R$ l2 Z' }$ Q% a6 ]# i p
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-& c3 D; K6 B+ K: a" G
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( `. I \) K9 \mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 c9 C: z& g' K% r# c1 ?! wmay have a central nervous system lesion that is7 E: V/ d1 E$ k4 x
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-4 q% N" `- V! o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
0 P/ P, a( l6 D% [ E4 Wsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in+ j) u9 E s; Q6 F2 ]- w. S0 d
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
- O2 l$ h% C+ E% fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, u: u7 F' Z# l `3 p/ n# e+ d
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
- p, @' D* e7 \( ~5 igonadotropins.1,34 R& p' |6 o8 N; B
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 ]/ h8 V9 H! m8 z9 l) I e
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate( P- X# f7 e `2 `4 d" I
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
* h$ S% h5 h$ U! y- kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: U# X1 x( D; W: hulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing! u" t, |/ ? s; t
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive9 H) M& ~ V; U5 G4 d
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 w% I, R1 w, a3 W% K0 |
puberty in boys.3,4- S8 g& ^) E" l( U8 i9 H6 v
The most common form of congenital adrenal& d: l7 C0 Y) Q" j2 z$ Z( i5 N
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 \5 j4 u. ~/ O8 z0 l
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* h2 M0 i/ M% e- U1 r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 Z' W! o9 a( @& s( E- Ban adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
. x6 D0 B! J- ^. M& rexcess.1,3
" u7 B( a" H, a: yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ R3 r* i7 S9 h+ t+ C
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007. _8 p9 ]" A1 z/ f# }4 L
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-/ T+ d( k$ J$ w6 T% {, f9 q; b
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 s6 w6 i$ G Has testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 {& O/ t7 {/ j3 ]" j' s& T. W% vvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 ?4 T7 `# Z7 |with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 p1 @( E* C' Q8 L8 Y" oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" {; d) t$ q' ? g
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# h4 r$ V. P2 o* i u8 a
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! u0 p H/ {! H) g3 U
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 h: i; n8 U8 _& m1 w( r
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) T4 t; ]3 \: W( T5 ~8 v; Z6 P) g5 ?autosomal dominant disorder that affects only: b+ R. O' ^; U/ m0 f- m
males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 ?0 q; I( q u {5 U7 Lmay have similar precocious puberty.3, e( L8 ], v" Z8 d( M
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
m: n- r/ H6 X! r, \* g) Osistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-" o' o6 ^4 q% E/ b5 g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& U4 E) S) F! M+ @5 J* ?
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 ?4 }6 u# b7 d' x- f4 Tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 q3 o) V3 D. Y4 M. Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
* P; a- ^/ i- j2 R3 Pbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* H- a3 V% t/ i" p$ F& r: qative initial history of androgen exposure, our
1 B! Y. a( i6 f0 n. F1 J' \biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, ?; S6 k0 p6 H4 V& R, o O. r l
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
: K( W" ~" [5 Pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- z6 |$ t; h" }# l; A: U- Ging the normal level of adrenal steroids.0 ^3 ?- W- F2 J B. i; h; B/ h: {
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly0 ~! K7 j" Y5 n+ p' [
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
% _7 Q2 ~' n1 b# {the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 d; j& G3 x, S6 X
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
$ p2 i2 S. n8 V, I$ B. Edecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: e# B. i1 F, G: N( C
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 ?2 T: ^1 ?7 v0 {- Kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- O$ y' L6 B/ ~5 U* @" C" E
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or' ^1 h7 R8 L) y5 ~% ]2 u
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 c9 A3 ~- L' L, `0 f) i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.& d( \% n: i- W' }8 p
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
x# y( T4 i7 i, ?9 U. sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to3 y% s1 t0 V: U# R
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: e" A( h. t" T: t
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 G- v( W+ o/ ?# a3 T% C3 Q) h, ]$ S+ ytion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ L) d( j+ X! Q: t9 TOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,' U3 a9 q- x8 g9 i
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that1 ~0 t' K1 |, G; v* U
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-. R( I" M9 v: P, F5 f" |
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# G0 X% f) }. j; z
active in young children exposed to testosterone& }1 \3 Y" y+ f. T
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- m" S7 h+ [8 s: D. B# U3 |, Ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, S; l$ @$ |! ~" f7 u. B Jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; b) E l2 V* Y/ Cchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
7 o$ O, S q3 T5 G& [* w" {) Jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.: O$ _3 V8 N Q- _, w8 ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
! V( j9 u$ b2 ]" kearly childhood on pubertal development and final
1 A& e3 a3 t. O. D: g( |adult height are not fully known and always remain
* m* Z" e6 @, h. Y2 B3 V7 Fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-8 ]- s+ o8 V1 n# A& b: S: m
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ b2 j) |% I! }6 G$ A: u$ t$ Yacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* I- X' y" p0 @& W, Bcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
8 Z" A7 I6 @# U# M# }+ Xdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: x: u2 \% i* H. DThere are conflicting reports and controversy$ f, U! v- A! t) Z! q
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 @6 H% m9 \6 Mpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& s! N6 o- @8 W+ X8 {& S: h/ ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
6 O0 ]; z% f4 C: T- |3 _% rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
: n$ p/ y8 e4 P3 P3 L7 sSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 }3 A7 @$ ~4 ^. A
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult4 \5 s/ y; y9 y& z0 [
penile length in clinical studies.
7 k" I8 [# ]) r( M7 O' NNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' _' p( c8 k4 t- @) J8 N
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' l: d# C( S0 O$ ?7 i1 j) m. O3 @
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
% y6 f$ Z9 L0 {* Tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.1 _8 R4 ~0 x% K4 h
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
" B: w: e! ^- m& W3 h: n0 fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at5 v4 R, ?9 i* l+ A
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% M8 Y: S6 G6 J- H, A5 X
height will not be affected.
( d% V+ b. A" L E* yAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail- K; J9 N g9 Y r t9 }3 Z$ P0 {7 G
ability of androgen products in our society may+ R6 V7 F0 W* p! u- E9 |7 |9 K( {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female% L3 g( v! j5 a, l# Z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* u+ y; K9 q+ }gen products must be considered and specific ques-$ W Z% I9 f" r7 a6 {& m
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 k( l, L6 ^- C, _- q/ |gel should be asked of the family members during
5 k7 D! z+ r7 Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! A, p' {2 X1 w ` ^+ Gilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
- k; @; ^. {& A7 [/ w2 }nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: a @( P! M X- Z9 Vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
q1 W3 {- f) ]7 `8 M2 U/ N+ fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
, @8 E* ?, d2 Cresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ h" N9 C0 m# y0 y' x3 dinvestigation. The primary care physician should be6 p ]% Y% a) R& v; c" {
aware of this fact, because most of these children+ d" v# b: b. Z: u
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- m# ^$ b- |6 q. TDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
. t/ v* |/ X) @5 x( E5 ?5 vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or! o* X( H: d% j9 O9 h0 g V
female child who might come in contact with some-
% ]# {9 l& q, S& |one using any of these products.5 x% w4 q+ Z- {3 n/ F1 V
References
/ j6 ]. `2 T3 D* m+ ^ m' `1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& |9 d) B0 L v' s4 fand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% E( A( o+ P* ?$ v' s, r2 a" _
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ \& h; i' W- ~* w2 F. @
2002: 565-628.! e8 A- w' v! @
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 t; L! d1 ^% A* |. ?" n6 i" j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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