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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
3 }; F! f0 `$ \7 G3 ZBoy Induced by Indirect Topical5 C. g" ~  Z/ O" T
Exposure to Testosterone
% `3 V5 z6 U; k6 xSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
9 @) o+ B& u! x) \and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 F! }4 u( ^4 l8 T# t* NClinical Pediatrics
3 z2 R' c! G9 j2 N" KVolume 46 Number 6) y& p. S4 F( E+ V6 \4 B! b7 n
July 2007 540-5435 S" A) f" l9 X6 `& f& y4 h
© 2007 Sage Publications
1 }+ J1 a' [) v10.1177/0009922806296651* s% Q* v+ j9 N8 c. A% r
http://clp.sagepub.com6 e2 q8 r7 c# E1 X; c. {2 `5 Q  U5 B
hosted at
" g; f' S" a6 i+ dhttp://online.sagepub.com
; a8 \6 x7 Q8 fPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ E9 \! k0 ?8 d6 m& Dis a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 ~5 }' Q# @& Mprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated8 o! O% Y7 ~+ y  m! L" E/ Q: [
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- q% P& G) P, D$ N
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& }: a2 F2 p3 {0 F9 [: s# Tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( X* C& R" x4 ~7 x
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' Z- p$ m: {( ^2 zhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
( T* m) B! @" [2 K9 P6 N6 o- jcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# c9 m7 }3 n$ Y+ ~: Jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ C+ ?$ ?  L: aenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
4 r4 @! A) r" ~& v4 }, U) Iment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ f3 K, Q& F! A# l& pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
$ d* S. [* x" X. C( h! [3 T+ T  f" kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 E2 t  H& T5 smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this/ \, {. @+ ^; R( Q. d) h
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" w0 c4 d7 K( j1 P1 _( y! Y2 b$ ^% Qtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ m7 V9 U* f/ C
bly more common than the rare case report in the
6 X- [6 d  i6 Iliterature.4& k9 B3 R& w0 [! F; w
Patient Report: q/ M# g6 I' ~6 N' T
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
( f- b0 e  u$ w. h1 f5 ~endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. d5 v$ u- u, a; ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed9 n( o: E8 Z1 i# Y
light colored pubic hair development when he was
. e/ h8 l! a* G& U6 K7 DFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) P$ n& d5 q) M2 y$ j8 {South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.$ K# v% s$ y! d) T- J! r! g
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," l. m2 }4 I! v' r, h" ]
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of: n8 Q6 u7 [5 \: P4 O
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. @3 P" V, k1 `/ e7 d! {e-mail: [email protected].
( M4 V- H; O4 F: e- ^about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became6 o0 P- r* ?- }0 K- z2 ~6 w' ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ G$ Q( p0 i4 r1 Q0 }ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
0 x3 I5 m( K* hwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' Y1 U) `3 d  {( ~
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 t2 z* G# q9 M, p
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 k! U" m2 J4 p' O7 y: Pof life and was still receiving breast milk along with# ~# \1 j$ T& u. S0 l$ m. I, \. s) q
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,1 Z( @/ j. `1 P+ [4 o
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: |5 `" N' @" {: d4 x. l1 S2 j
was age appropriate.
2 u: |- r' N; a6 Z8 UThe family history was remarkable for the father,
! v. b5 T, J2 B5 Vwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,; T, O2 U! n# P
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
3 i4 ?/ q# m0 ]9 nheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* c. ?( y: @1 g' L* t! \
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& L# C% p6 `: ]" [# iThe father denied taking any other medication. The5 o; ]" z) K1 w2 Q; i1 C  }
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% _  N' @6 a& k: F8 j* l- gwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
% X8 H/ z8 x5 z0 x: K5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 B1 v; P" g: ~: x
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 o- S$ H( e/ }0 xtives. There were no siblings.
! t9 z* a: q7 Q( m- s4 {Physical Examination5 L. V  H; |4 Z$ @- B3 X
The physical examination revealed a very active,' {" ~. d% L/ k5 w8 D. H) m6 Q
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
0 M9 q$ m+ N4 y; m3 v# h4 la blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
& U# A6 b+ \4 I( `5 |3 b" a/ b90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  R4 S, }; v7 r2 ?' w& l2 c- [% u(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 K1 A4 `  U6 J: o
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
7 v7 |( `: A. u8 {9 K2 A0 Dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.  L0 d6 L& I! x/ p) T6 V) U# y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 X) Z. D% b7 e9 uenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( i1 {' J4 E' `
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well; g# C! c% ^1 [" e  t
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# \9 ]0 m; t' @540
: u8 A3 y* p7 N& T# M( kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! a8 K7 x" \; D4 ?- v5 I4 wthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 o8 |$ D; u1 u4 t* G1 x; T
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 {9 m2 l6 H* L) }The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat7 h* K; R) D  }9 H& {; h5 i+ W
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( F4 a: {4 O& r9 ]. d
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
+ H/ \- ^: `- ]9 `* f! o; K5 NNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( j+ O. O! q. Cbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
. X& n, @* S7 ^0 ?8 K& D# [of papilledema.
/ f5 [$ _' @( ]8 D2 NLaboratory Evaluation
7 p7 T9 g0 W- L( X% o' cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by/ c8 c7 |) I: o# G2 |* @# `
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-2 A% p0 N3 ?, p, v8 H
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ C5 a" E( m1 h/ u) z7 K
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test2 t! @* {2 |! ?- s. D
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  r" I7 Y( C4 t  Qlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ V( w; N3 Q* ?3 v3 V% ~9 x& X* C/ bThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 h) p+ ?1 ~8 n8 ?. Yurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were; {, m. u( D$ q) n9 ^3 [: i
within normal range for his age. The concentration
0 g- h: ~* _4 `- }* b8 _of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
5 G- N$ a5 Q' q. J% q(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 200 Z% a! ?5 R$ C9 g0 o$ c+ T
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 ~( N2 a7 o9 \4 t6 ]" M9 qterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: a. S6 C+ v$ @% {. c9 ~9 ~desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to9 n9 K8 Y9 ~9 q3 d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
+ U. k8 A8 U, xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
7 x" S  M/ f  g! ?. H! u. Vtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( x& E3 d  E, @7 G
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),4 d" U5 t7 I& v
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than% j2 f5 w6 L, `% p9 r2 F
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular( D# W, ^6 Y9 R) P) }
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone, s! K  ?( {% ]: X, v+ O
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, z  s& U7 m0 D5 P. A* O$ W6 L
(prepubertal).- L% v/ T5 h, _3 `. E8 q5 D
The parents were notified about the laboratory
: Y7 k4 _9 i( |# v( E+ Oresults and were informed that all of the tests were4 M. b5 G0 {9 j! Z1 }( L+ ^- W
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: t  i$ g3 i% ?& Bfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
! R5 i' E' X+ v+ {! `$ Z2 Q4 i8 Hobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-$ [6 F+ |/ r- c  p
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
; e# {& Z6 _$ u1 Q  \0 x1 oPhysical examination at this time revealed that the' x+ X9 T8 ]" N: ?. }
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; R2 x- z5 _: i; t/ L% i
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, f% Z( e* i) x+ D: K
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 U1 |. Y# b, \/ O( spletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. W. a: O; X! N- V8 Jthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 L- f4 C5 B% }" R1 _6 |) E
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged." \8 O4 W% w! j4 y- l5 m# n
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-" Q8 X9 R9 u3 K+ X9 x
ing frequent erections.
: R3 l! h2 H( v/ S9 R, EBoth parents were again questioned about use of
" {% W- {3 {% }3 B( u+ sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ I, G1 `. o  N; @5 K: u% T
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( @5 a! J. B( c7 U* S4 C
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541/ w* O: U# h2 Q& m" Q: E  T
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ [9 N8 R) `2 Y$ F
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- ^" Z* }& v3 O6 N; R# Ja year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed5 T8 j8 g6 `, U4 k( C
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 l9 d" p" [$ L7 R7 r; |scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 ~- a3 f3 `1 T
secondary to depression.
/ ~$ v4 I" l5 M- }: B# ]! @& {The child slept in the same bed with parents.8 x% i) a# V- d/ G9 P4 P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 V. H' p, R9 V; \6 U/ ^0 L  tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) W6 s0 y0 H5 d, S
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  {' Z& e% e5 E) l6 T) Y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
& j) n& y- k1 T3 C$ W! Vwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
( i0 z: A* p0 \2 a+ N& y% qwas high, he then read the product information
( b8 ~3 Y( [# s0 k4 kpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
6 _2 h# @% ^. b0 T% r, cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' Z) K6 D) i/ F, Jdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 A- R1 V- `- J1 A
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
9 b( }5 ?' x& q$ J9 i2 lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone( y; s3 n+ B) S: `* i" m$ o
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
4 S2 x; l$ X- V# @0 P+ O* wlaboratory to obtain the test.& ]# e0 R$ G) a: `
Discussion
& q! l/ v$ P# g' L# l1 c+ KPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 Y. }7 ]$ f- X: i7 p7 p) lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, Y% t  i' V+ e
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 l; D- n9 Z! f; x! ~* V4 h  D' Uit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 \+ O; t( I0 |4 k0 t, b; Lthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; O3 `" ~% s6 m. d- k
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  A- ^+ ?9 s5 `; c" {% v; _/ l
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
! m$ F) I4 |; `& n" s, T, b, n# Vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 n/ [9 l2 P  d# i# |1 b5 q/ Ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
, n5 z$ k2 o7 y& q) a) i8 T* Dsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
4 ~* [% j5 z: Qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 F0 y" w4 @! J6 j5 A9 D! L/ lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% G* t3 Q3 t: Trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: v0 M: h/ ]. U( J6 w3 o
gonadotropins.1,3
* l7 T5 Z5 l) w7 Q+ NGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
0 ^# S1 p0 d+ Kcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate( p. N) F% z7 |0 H. r  o, {
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or! P  ~' a# P: |: K
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ w' e9 K* Z7 R/ l( p! @1 Yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. E9 a: L! P8 ^, Z8 L' `congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive4 B6 f$ v1 T0 ~, q
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 [+ r0 `8 B+ N" ]6 w
puberty in boys.3,43 y. I7 L4 a6 |7 B: e' ^) W0 @
The most common form of congenital adrenal$ z; H) J* [9 o+ e
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. W1 ~4 d. O- `The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
. n8 B' C  i: r+ eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
% p" x! W, g3 K5 Q8 K+ r8 uan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
) T$ X$ a4 s( c& Q( y  Bexcess.1,3# I3 g6 A3 w( N. |
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 s7 _4 Y9 y( E9 M
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 q5 j# t# z4 }# o9 T3 j4 ^) J( TA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 @* r) Y) ?* C% c% H% G1 _, sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known: y" ~4 [! c8 h# B1 ~3 S
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! N3 g4 M8 z: e+ g7 |very young age. The physical findings in these boys
/ M) r* u: b# g- X/ F, r# \with this disorder are full pubertal development,
) ^' G# W6 y5 w& o' v% hincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 x. [" |" \% L
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; l. I3 I. Z* s( M7 D5 Zare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show% u9 Z. R& b2 {5 N5 a0 p
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
2 @$ l3 s0 z; ]6 A8 zreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. h. j8 u, `5 F) F2 I6 Jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 z6 }% f' @" h; _2 Y, Mmales; therefore, other male members of the family
8 c* x- {6 J" \5 tmay have similar precocious puberty.33 i6 B/ C- G& B8 O# k
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
6 W) w% p8 {* ^$ P8 S) ksistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-- x/ K4 i7 j" q" ]
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis  Q4 U. q* @& o/ q  d
was in the differential diagnosis because his father2 Z; d# q- M/ v) R4 z7 [0 N
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ H& Y" h1 i& R& z7 W0 Itesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ x7 ~, a8 \5 D& T+ T5 P1 g
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 P/ y" i9 C( Uative initial history of androgen exposure, our4 y& q. \: |1 h% c1 s5 ~
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ ~% C, b# B5 s/ R1 d
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
: G% B9 T0 I5 i- C5 \; y7 H% C/ w" Kdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* ]! @& D& x* o
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 G  \; q0 X8 f) B; o* N& QThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly3 I9 [; R: V8 C& O, D
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because, A9 R/ `+ y: U+ C4 J& ]& c/ `
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
0 I: Y* T2 M: \" a! O0 jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
0 G1 A4 L, o# n1 |4 D( j5 V  Cdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: M3 O' x; P# a6 ^, l# ?1 w6 N
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- m9 p# Q  }2 ~! D+ m+ s! v. Xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" @) M7 z7 a" l' b
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" }1 O/ w2 w* m9 ^. [; Jcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) Z9 S: o4 B; {
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.% \9 n- K8 s4 y- b
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ ^; M* y8 ~. S3 x9 n
baseline value in those females who were exposed to4 K- t; ], z! `3 n- D+ |9 s& F
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male- I% {0 A+ i: O# F
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ o* R+ \8 J$ r5 Ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 m2 D6 t, y4 O
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
- Q- m% R; X' ~9 r7 Cwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ b6 p5 _6 c7 D; u" l2 H4 D
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-% [6 J& i" Y" v! _- d. w6 J
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more. k1 ^! j% s  C4 u/ V
active in young children exposed to testosterone
2 ]; t. D% S4 E% o' F# @* Vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- r5 k% Z; q+ X! h# p$ g0 G" sdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
# v. U$ E! @( ?- D) Y& Qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
# F3 j- p) F+ ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
! q9 O, i, N, b  T2 Radvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. D! z# m3 _5 e% P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during! g* j/ a1 @5 t% m9 r2 q
early childhood on pubertal development and final
  \. h" L) [" y) E1 ^adult height are not fully known and always remain; J* g0 _( i! y" F$ r9 l* ?$ }
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 t3 }1 k) _5 f2 H( E% \* w- ]
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ K: S1 M) i0 L5 |0 Nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after  ~" V$ ?3 q$ }$ Y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( o7 B) v  @8 ?1 X- S( ^  fdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; a1 l0 F) Q3 c; `There are conflicting reports and controversy
5 g6 G* `8 Z: Mover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 a2 Y. t% K! Q
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 Q+ P- D+ U; `0 Z8 z, D0 Fadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-5 ~; D2 E- B( E4 z$ y$ H; _) h7 `
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
  P7 O8 u8 h( G' o$ z. B1 Y' kSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( k* |4 t* M9 `5 k
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 t9 k# j! Q" {) Npenile length in clinical studies.) Z0 N/ ]8 i3 e9 G- w; D
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 L; z2 E. r& Vgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
, ?* Q5 o$ S0 K7 @7 htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ v* e- l  n) y8 vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 ^) I. n$ B- R0 UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of* X, ^: W' s# E6 H4 ^
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' p. Z# G* T' a( I3 [1 w* q0 L
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, F, k, b0 c8 D. ~
height will not be affected.
8 o: n- R/ z+ F& |' g1 nAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' i. G# s7 o7 p% {' [2 k. o# xability of androgen products in our society may
/ O6 ^$ ^7 g  B8 lindeed cause more virilization in male or female: p# o% \' ~  J% N  T, H- k) c+ J8 l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- G# h* N5 i; V
gen products must be considered and specific ques-, P" a# v8 n- T) A: Z$ R
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 H1 W  ~0 g" h) t% Igel should be asked of the family members during
4 G9 s$ B5 x- d6 l" Z7 Athe evaluation of any children who present with vir-, T) s9 m0 R, z6 q
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 V# k5 f% O7 }+ K! T$ jnosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 ~) s. ~9 k, z. [0 b: E( [1 x9 j
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 A2 B! _2 T" [& O) n
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 T' F7 q' c' z- B
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% b5 r  a4 Q. x6 r! Einvestigation. The primary care physician should be
3 `' C0 X% r% f3 D8 oaware of this fact, because most of these children
& ?  }' d: c1 k. ^, j! v! Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& y6 T' s- d) \$ Q; k( j2 G
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a6 X0 F, q# k: l1 d4 N5 \9 c: g8 [
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 U1 O/ Y# h) V# d7 c7 t
female child who might come in contact with some-/ [7 G2 n! ~; G2 O3 D1 W2 j6 o
one using any of these products.
% f. N" V3 A6 y  ]! i  Q/ tReferences
: s/ U$ }- X- {% p1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation5 i& m7 L8 W: @+ \
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
4 m9 H8 e. ~  [$ N+ |( \$ TEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& r# l. w# a. o5 R5 U9 K2002: 565-628.
% Q4 X2 U" o: R# ~' O2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious  l/ m- j3 L* |  e* I6 K
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
+ l4 q4 z4 \. OBoy Induced by Indirect Topical1 [( U/ B  a3 ?, K# i
Exposure to Testosterone
0 q6 l0 x5 {' l- A! F. mSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 p: m& S  z" F# t  H
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1/ Q+ [2 g$ _( `& F# d
Clinical Pediatrics
4 ?" f8 L. Z; ]: o# `  p1 x0 gVolume 46 Number 6: B  G  O  u/ Q$ J) B
July 2007 540-543
6 v% C/ s3 @' a7 t# R© 2007 Sage Publications2 U. ^  X/ y$ X& n* y! x
10.1177/0009922806296651
9 U( V/ {7 o+ W* ]http://clp.sagepub.com, P! q6 }2 w" _: H9 s5 @, u
hosted at6 `- Q  h4 }! q* q6 y5 t0 w
http://online.sagepub.com4 y. f# I1 p) X" S2 g7 U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,  z" a' w- E, O  n# H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
& b+ _$ w3 V2 n& X6 P  q" S3 bprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 T' X2 y# ~  ]% m
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has3 h6 [% ]% g- [* y- ~
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  z. @7 z( }0 R% v' W2 t! ~lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ P- j% N! s$ P. d8 b( F" u
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 l" X9 t2 V9 N: c, G5 j9 ~. bhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 F2 Y$ K, F9 X; Y& a( P  qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# d& O8 w( u6 I7 F4 y  w9 kreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
8 L+ k5 I5 J: e+ C4 senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: F$ ~8 C+ C* T7 W7 J1 j2 i
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
" ]8 Z( X: R0 Y: g& c- dto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by/ n' O- X; }- x  P/ [
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: T+ k% d1 G0 a! \mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this; x$ ~. V' o) q' b
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of, ]+ F' N2 a4 y) }4 q
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' w$ R5 M/ s- f7 C4 {' m. l9 ]bly more common than the rare case report in the8 n8 \* b2 j) V
literature.4+ X. b- p% y! Y3 O0 a, o. L
Patient Report" {% O" b* B" X, x
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the/ i/ s7 X' `* b
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 `3 y+ S- w+ \. N0 gof early sexual development. His mother noticed0 F  z" Z5 H- l; Y3 M. n3 S- D
light colored pubic hair development when he was
6 Y' |. |# t8 M4 R1 U9 ?& W6 L- }3 uFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 r+ u1 F7 ^9 w+ ?' h1 [' v
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.' y8 w8 R) n7 L, o! o8 d0 H5 h2 w$ B8 I
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 D  v; Z5 Y+ P
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ q/ J; g% y' b  Q- w2 d" Z
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 n) ^6 {0 O! ]& u3 J& `  J
e-mail: [email protected].3 m. S; t. F! d8 F2 h3 L
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
8 n7 Y) Y+ z2 x, k  D4 Ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 A6 g+ p$ O0 p5 W" n# Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! a6 Z; M, o2 P# r$ t, w( P% Gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with; H3 F. q: r3 z
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of# n$ N* B6 `; `- O6 m! y
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
2 j' L# x' z) D8 Q/ H) o- zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
; s4 {3 {5 {' {3 e0 jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
5 _) @* u  c2 [6 L5 w& t) S- Q5 @) ^and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 [  n6 a0 ~; Z# N
was age appropriate.
) [0 n9 p- [. s8 L. mThe family history was remarkable for the father,% ]4 q# h. Q, R" m, P# S' p
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 }2 n, B* e9 N3 w- V& xwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! u* y$ B" J) w+ a' d
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
$ N1 O3 S, D* Cearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 x5 G0 y' ?3 I3 a+ n0 ]The father denied taking any other medication. The3 }% @7 S1 F/ x, w0 r7 W  {: S
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. A0 G# D& t  \. q  s! d, p: ^
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 X9 Y- |* D8 s8 R' E
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" T: @+ w& S! k- |& C8 hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
2 J9 l; L1 d1 ^tives. There were no siblings.( q7 @; N/ k2 v: ^4 D) \
Physical Examination
1 F* p+ j8 a5 |5 g. aThe physical examination revealed a very active,
3 r. O+ T+ d2 I/ \8 [5 N$ |playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* T/ t. F  S- `1 W8 Z8 l( L* Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# B0 n9 A; e" {& b- h  R90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. G3 Z8 @2 f/ W. U. G8 O$ ]
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 s3 c2 O" N! n2 ]8 J; a7 c+ u0 S
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 ^, Q! A7 ?! l- t+ Ethe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.9 n6 T2 m  [9 X% b8 q# j
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 G( g) K8 n" b" v# u9 s; wenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
$ @- [) o$ Y1 L( {- G8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 W2 G8 O% _3 H
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ h. Z8 q! d7 G" X, _540
/ _  V5 Q+ [- z: o+ w6 T2 T* t  Pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 e. C$ u, ?, u$ ]& \the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 K: z, ~# I% p. b. ?! i- Qtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.& _7 {0 j; E; Z: q7 g! J6 S9 k
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 i# B/ I2 C* r+ [  B  W- aoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no9 d. \6 c# P% Z5 y9 X( ?
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
: X2 u" ]; I4 L- BNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+* a1 L. ?: P" U2 Z, ]
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" M, H9 b/ _4 T; s/ Cof papilledema.1 A; W# v. Z; r
Laboratory Evaluation6 _1 H! {$ q4 S- q# O* q
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 v; F  W: f; G% }& E6 ]4 kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-& ~$ V4 r, ^1 `
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' Q1 T2 Q) r2 L* W! x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# E& d! l8 Z7 }- ]6 w9 _
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 ~7 g( ?; }% G: B% }8 J# _lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 }/ l: k/ ~1 E0 X9 G
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood) J4 y$ x3 O7 E% Y
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
1 Z8 w) H0 M% C( b; w" [. kwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
: u% T( Z; f  q' Yof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 \5 D5 h, l* ~, I$ E( a(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 z$ n# }; q* {. H! D1 @4 Y7 x' Fng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; N! C' P8 T6 [) Yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 R' q3 r. N0 k" @
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, s8 e% \1 S0 V/ F6 n# z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; _: `) F+ r, |. l: w+ Hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
, d& ^- J* M2 @# ]9 Utisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ ?0 a: w' ~2 ytestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 P$ v# r9 k+ m" Dand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
$ f# P! F6 {. |6 O5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 a$ m: ^# L4 g* |7 I, [
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 v: b2 T( X1 ^% F9 T7 t( {: @: ]concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
; b7 F( D; F& J0 e(prepubertal).
. G& }# ]! P, m; x% PThe parents were notified about the laboratory' q/ \7 M3 R8 G- w6 p4 x% ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were
, e: k' J. F; Ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 U, B  X1 g& Y" \/ wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' L1 M: I) r9 H% o6 o  m
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! c; L  O: P. |+ wever, the family did not return for 4 months.- H( k* O8 m- i( H9 H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
/ Y$ h  t- U" ], z, ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& Y! o; X* f7 e8 n& F7 l2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained- Z6 o: @  J" r" o0 n  N
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, D; L0 V! g9 D
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. x/ d1 O; j! Q/ J# O" U) @! s
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. Q6 j+ G2 z& e! v) b
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
; T9 H0 r; p; LThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-# h# L3 T- e2 }  H1 I2 _7 O0 X8 b* D  l' i
ing frequent erections.- U( f: k% v0 x
Both parents were again questioned about use of
; K  Z( W  Y& t1 sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 f* T  S1 q0 ]# P, f' {, m
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 `0 g( `3 `) H1 j# }$ LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! r, j4 P: a4 M( |; q' B5 ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! @) J$ G- s  K7 P; h' aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for- U4 ]5 u  L# a& w5 X8 A' o
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 E& _" ?& r2 {- ]  b. G: rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 \# E* l3 m7 ^1 L& e* ~
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* G- h' x6 k( p9 n
secondary to depression.1 S8 W" |+ m, E! E
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 k) v- u5 r. Q0 CThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his& U- R$ L% C- ^
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* `4 _% r) j3 x, A0 Y. `nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; C* _/ b7 s( y- Y1 V( q0 sThe father also admitted that after the phone call," P. J: m- @; r
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby  H, X& O, w5 e4 ^
was high, he then read the product information5 d$ m7 S6 G  K" ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ f1 M( g" s3 Q4 a$ m
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they* c* ~0 h; _. D+ z- D2 Q
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 _4 _% D% M5 N* [father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 x1 }/ O3 z+ \
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
5 J  Q. F& ]$ v! [" t7 xtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- }5 u& ?4 ?6 w: C' tlaboratory to obtain the test.
: r, S* [! h' h! J9 wDiscussion
, x6 N5 v! i% X- @0 B/ G6 `Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) d9 `( H4 w  c, V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 q/ E; S8 S4 r5 q5 TPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; \; `- Z( U' z4 ~7 g' dit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
) q  m! o, v+ P1 E4 b3 lthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& j1 _& k8 z7 O' [- r  y# cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP3 K1 K9 \# R; x
may have a central nervous system lesion that is1 |2 @/ A' j. r
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; b  ~6 W* O' g6 v2 d; i* o. o- U
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 Y* z+ h5 ]( q( T; x
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 I0 ]1 a3 T  i! u& m; r* [; Rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
- s9 [+ f  Y; r0 h% Fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- r* V3 y5 ^/ C. t2 x2 |9 J
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% P; W- [# Q+ _
gonadotropins.1,3
) P' ^  x! r- |) H- ^Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( V# I3 ]% a6 g% j9 ?3 P2 C$ s8 \* Gcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
+ ?4 c! L2 M$ L1 g9 Dandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or4 A- r6 V9 @$ E* N
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 |9 `/ \+ ~- P% p) ]! i7 X4 I' X6 _% lulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing- S9 ?" Q% n# E% C% i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- G$ g6 f" \/ Y" Uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  V: K1 ^4 N) c: Jpuberty in boys.3,4
! L3 U8 w8 Y+ D& ^& m2 ?The most common form of congenital adrenal
1 c" d, N+ {+ {* hhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& C  K7 i% t$ [, O$ P* ]
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* A' y- w! h1 Z( z' f) ]
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
# J# H( U% j+ n0 ?an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' p3 x; N! w- h; G7 Qexcess.1,3
' b8 u; B' e1 M3 b- k% o0 Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( Q6 l/ u  r- e5 D542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& x. H& [2 J) f, o+ g" pA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
" h# f, R5 M; S" S* Xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
. e/ z  Y# W2 r3 Xas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, V' ]$ H  m: ~+ Z* S, m. @3 ^very young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 h: ~4 J7 d6 ^/ A& Q. \with this disorder are full pubertal development,% _+ x, r0 k1 ?
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. C% l" u- a! {: e" Lwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" N. C5 N4 l5 U# e5 T: j* C0 U, b
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
1 [- s' g2 _  w" Xpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; M' @" U: x0 f- I4 M$ D4 V% V
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
, r' ^( C, h3 l8 u" y. A8 Bautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& C4 I- Z+ F6 _+ ?+ Gmales; therefore, other male members of the family8 T5 b2 a7 Y  [6 ]* |7 U
may have similar precocious puberty.3! O7 Z' ^7 U  s* a& H* j
In our patient, physical examination was incon-. M$ |/ w0 }1 N4 I. I, |2 ?5 D
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
) \! E3 c, l' O" f5 Gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- {/ f& C  S( Q3 I7 S
was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 l4 {5 o# ~5 V
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
5 H9 B# ^/ Z$ g) }; }6 Utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
% f+ Z$ k' G2 Kbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-; }7 m6 T5 o; Z  H+ g
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our; d) |% F6 ^1 g' L" @2 Z/ I
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
6 ]) M2 ?2 S- d1 V; Heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
$ A- A6 c/ {2 e0 L1 F3 Hdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ _; r4 _$ S. U' R* A' L; T& E
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
; }; Q& P* a5 p4 C7 KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly2 Q! _2 \% ^- k* l6 T5 r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 w9 }0 e( Z1 ]( ]6 ], Wthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-2 P4 T# C# a0 l# |% s* W5 ?1 K6 w
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" O7 \* Z! d6 [! R6 ?) O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. \8 B6 a) `' m& o) m3 w# ?/ C6 G' p( iterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& W$ j/ i6 ~) A3 }7 y, P
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 m; U* d4 ]2 [, _2 c4 {  F7 L  x3 JDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" p- _6 }! y2 O8 |' ^8 I9 p+ bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 y0 S# F8 d! u3 y7 |8 hunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ Q2 y( w2 J, vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
! K7 z6 t% q2 r4 X! sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 F% N6 f8 u0 X% Zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 U' N/ W( B& S0 Q3 ]
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ H3 e4 i, A( l& ?. a5 N8 |' P
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. `# V/ w- G: _4 W2 U% SOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 R+ |% h( i: X+ E5 K2 K. C& _which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that  s$ J7 |$ A; c; ^' n: K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
5 C. q. z. j+ v3 d$ q0 }: J: ?9 Jterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; H3 B, o0 {: E' Kactive in young children exposed to testosterone2 I/ B% O% a  z, N3 ]0 l1 z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
. l+ R; J! V1 k7 Z5 Pdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to6 e: e: Z* _4 U$ R/ A& e0 d
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in8 H2 A% v3 Z3 f( ~7 f. D
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
' B( y0 s1 T0 G/ z9 Kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ w% o4 {. s4 U- \The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
" _% |: j& \7 x. Aearly childhood on pubertal development and final* U' Z8 w+ B. N
adult height are not fully known and always remain
( O& B# Z- o; m) H- Fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- X' O+ e% E( a6 j; k  x) K
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& |% C, \" m: `
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ J+ y0 w( k% ?, u5 ]cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 J2 C  ?& R. D7 ?- h. G6 m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, G  c: M" ]0 I4 m. ^) y7 j4 p
There are conflicting reports and controversy; G2 U$ U5 u/ [' o, T0 v
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 T8 B; C  V0 L3 a9 upenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, G* C' X5 Q9 Oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
  x$ \6 I$ d- r& J0 c9 mulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 V) R8 i+ F3 P: B7 nSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: V1 ~+ i- w& l  \childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 u; X9 h8 }9 J5 Apenile length in clinical studies.
0 I' b) Q" O- x  ~Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) j7 ~- X5 g( b# R- Rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from0 O$ _' _, {$ h' U8 ?, a, g
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ h2 A3 q9 V+ f$ n1 ]4 lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. ~! G8 A6 ]9 C
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of& d5 o$ e/ ^! N$ q0 s& ?
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; h' \, `8 a* O0 p1 {. [8 O
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 h) I5 H, k% l& E7 R0 t
height will not be affected.
4 F( J5 D' c. V& T. C& L1 @Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& Q( F: A1 N5 c& Y% g1 U
ability of androgen products in our society may9 u- v% L5 m3 u  D
indeed cause more virilization in male or female, B) @3 e) x! [1 n- u& f3 G/ {# a  e
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-1 y( T3 W; A! P: e: E6 ^, v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-7 p5 p3 p# K- C3 _) x5 E
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( t6 N) [6 ^) w! [; E) n$ Bgel should be asked of the family members during$ G# Q' k' o" }0 Y7 J- W/ N! ^
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ k% g# w- m  G6 Z
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% y  D* x8 a7 J# S; D! K
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by; j4 @- P; J; O. y( R# t
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a5 f( _  Q" e0 O
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) B2 r5 {2 T, l$ J2 ~& tresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
. @3 _+ l8 v2 C! D+ `8 `& Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be
4 M/ T7 f- L! k. G" O6 Yaware of this fact, because most of these children8 v' [  h0 [; b9 h; |+ w
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
& ^, R5 \8 F# Z' ~! uDesk Reference and package insert should also put a- k- x) W. B& s  _/ x2 C
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or# p; Z$ T9 J" }# X
female child who might come in contact with some-9 O, K; t, F) y! _# u
one using any of these products.  T( p* D0 g2 c' R' V
References
* G' v3 T7 H# Y5 {" Z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' H2 z! c( b  m' m- n) y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ T/ r& B8 U4 I+ F% a
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
  L& o6 u* a( u& @% \2002: 565-628.! Z6 W1 ]8 ^" y, x4 l$ U: K/ d! O9 M
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious  v# e& x% _! `5 k0 ]! j
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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